數據中心行業組織如綠色網格協會強烈推薦使用最新的多模配電系統技術,以使運行效率能夠達到98%~99%的範圍,而舊的,傳統的單模UPS系統操作的運行效率則在93%~95%的範圍內。目前,約50%的大型UPS系統製造商均已開始採用多模技術快速轉換邏輯。這種類型的UPS很有可能將在未來五年獲得大幅增長。
何謂多模UPS系統?
多模UPS系統能夠爲數據中心運營商提供兩種工作模式的選擇:其一,雙轉換模式,可提供優質的電力保障,以及多模或稱“經濟模式”,其提供了優質的工作效率。當企業用戶選擇多模式作爲默認的操作模式時,能夠幫助他們實現98 %到99%的效率,如果在UPS輸入檢測到電源異常,UPS系統會在不到兩毫秒的時間內自動轉移到高級保護模式。在美國,電源異常對於信息技術(IT)的關鍵負載是有害的,其時長通常佔到每年總運行時間的僅三成,因此操作模式之間切換將最有可能是全年最小的。
雙轉換模式是典型的電源保護模式,已經在大型UPS系統中存在幾十年了,但它的致命弱點在於其工作效率一直維持在93%~95%的範圍內。今天的用戶要求更好的UPS的運行效率和較低的總擁有成本(TCO),同時又不犧牲充足的電力保障。這便是多模UPS發揮其用武之地的時候了。
一項由Frost & Sullivan的研究顯示,僅僅通過採用多模UPS系統,並在大部分時間運行多模UPS系統,一家佔地面積達50000平方英尺的數據中心可在10年左右的時間裏實現能源消耗節約達310萬美元。這些節約來自於UPS系統本身能耗的減少和散熱、通風和空調(HVAC)系統用於克服UPS系統排熱的能耗的下降。隨着能源成本持續上升,多模的UPS所帶來的能源節約會隨着時間的推移越來越多。
除幫助降低總體擁有成本之外,多模的其他好處
除了降低總體擁有成本和能源消耗的好處之外,多模式的UPS還提供了其他好處。這種技術提供了“智能”水平的輸入功率監控,其中UPS將記錄輸入電源異常導致的多模傳輸到雙轉換模式下的數量和頻率。過度或頻繁電源異常將在UPS“鎖定”多模式一段時間,採用公共市電一段時間以使其穩定下來。因此,多模式UPS系統能夠就關於何時使用多模或雙轉換模式做出智能、實時、邏輯的決定,以最大限度地保護關鍵負載,而不犧牲經營效率。
多模式UPS系統的第二個好處是延長零部件壽命。在多模操作中,許多UPS模塊組件在低電流,低溫度範圍環境下運行,從而使壽命延長。其他組件,如風扇,根本不再使用。多模UPS製造商期待大部分組件最低能達到一到兩年的壽命延長。
多模UPS系統的第三個優點是輸出故障的緩解。任何UPS輸出短路或過載大會很快被上游攔截保護,而不會影響UPS系統運行模式的任何內部轉換處理。這些UPS輸出故障將直接放在“軟”UPS逆變電源代替其源阻抗。
一些製造商,如通用電氣關鍵電源業務,在他們的多模系統設計了額外的獨特功能,GE將其稱爲eBoost技術。這些功能包括在經濟模式下電源路徑提供功率調節的電平,在這種高效率的模式下利用一個線路電抗器;具體而言,它減輕了高頻“增援”事件和低頻率“環波”,使轉移到雙轉換模式將被最小化。該反應器的設計還允許高達 +/-25%的電纜長度差,用於多UPS模塊佈線的並行輸出總線。這種電纜長度差還提供落地式佈局設計,提高了靈活性。其他一些UPS製造商必須保持電纜長度差爲+/-10%或UPS的功率風險降額或排除不當並聯UPS的運行。
如上所述,在多模UPS系統下,可以使企業用戶的營業費用減少(OPEX),再加上額外的優勢,爲數據中心用戶在可預見的未來採用該UPS技術提供了許多令人信服的理由。多模UPS技術也應考慮其他關鍵任務和/或關鍵工序的應用,特別是225kVA以上的大功率應用程序,其能源消耗是一個關鍵問題。
注:除非另有說明,本文中所引用的數據,均是基於行業標準的信息或由GE在其關鍵電源系統的部署中收集的數據。在這篇文章中引用的結論並不承諾性能保證或特定的結果,個別情況可能會根據規格和操作條件的不同而有所變化。
2018年1月31日 星期三
機房建置蓄電池監控技術的應用與發展
機房建置,閥控式密封鉛酸蓄電池(VRLA)由於具有電壓平穩,成本低,使用和維護方便等優點使得其得到了廣泛的應用,雖然現在各種新型的電池材料不斷出現,但目前甚至是可預見的未來一段時間,VRLA蓄電池仍然會在通訊,電力,軌道交通等領域作爲後備電源和儲能設備的主力軍。
雖然VRLA蓄電池號稱是“免維護”的,但現在市場上電池廠家衆多,魚龍混雜,質量參差不齊,而且在實際使用中,由於蓄電池本身的劣化,蓄電池的容量也是在不斷下降的,特別是在實際使用中,通常是多個蓄電池串聯使用,這就使得一個蓄電池的性能劣化會拖累整組電池的性能,從而讓電池組達不到設計容量,一旦停電,事故發生的可能性就大大增加,所以日常對電池組的監控和維護是必不可少的,從而避免電池故障給用電客戶帶來損失。本文就VRLA蓄電池的監控技術的發展和現狀做一個全面的介紹和分析。
1.傳統的電池監控方式
長期以來,蓄電池的維護單位都是以人工維護,最常見的是以下幾種方式:1.1. 覈對性放電這種方法是最準確知道蓄電池容量的方法。具體的操作是將浮充狀態的電池組脫離負載,然後以電池標稱容量的0.1C的速度放電(即100Ah的電池以10A的放電速度放電),並記錄電池到達規定的終止電壓的時間以確定電池的實際容量。這種方法最大的優點是準確,但缺點也顯而易見:這種方法需人工操作,有一定的危險性;需要脫離負載操作,所以放電過程中如果發生停電,系統就沒有後備電源的保障;這種方法其實測試的電池組裏面最差電池單體的容量,其他電池單體的容量仍然沒有掌握的;另外對電池容量本身也有一定的損害,所以不能頻繁的對電池進行覈對性放電,一般的用電單位進行這種測試的頻率是一年1-2次,而電池劣化的過程經常是在幾周內發生的,這樣在兩次測試間隔時期電池的狀態仍然是未知的,事故隱患仍然存在。
1.2.在線或者人工監測電池電壓
這是長期以來監測電池狀態最常用的方法。但從下圖可以看出,在浮充狀態下,容量不同的電池的浮充電壓幾乎是一致的,通過放電測試可以看到容量異常的電池很快就會下降到截止電壓,從而說明通過這種方法來判斷電池的容量是無效的。
1.3.人工測量電池內阻
這種方法通常與方法2共同使用來判別電池好壞。即維護人員利用內阻儀手工測試電池單體的內阻。到目前爲止,雖然大量的文獻指出蓄電池的內阻和容量狀態並沒有一個明確的數學對應關係,但業界裏公認內阻的變化是和容量的變化相關的。在圖2裏面黃色趨勢線顯示蓄電池的內阻在10月到11月期間因爲各種原因急劇上升,因此可以判斷出蓄電池的狀態已經嚴重劣化,經過對電池的放電證實的確是電池已經失效。
但這種方法的缺點也顯而易見:不能實時在線監測電池的狀態;花費的時間長,人力成本高;有些電池組由於空間的限制,並不便於人工操作;每次測試由於人員和儀器的不同數據會有較大的差異。這種測試方法也不再適應現在的電池監控系統的需求,取而代之的是在線式的內阻監控方式。下面我們就這種監控方式作詳細的介紹。
2.在線電池內阻監控方式
從系統架構來看這種監控方式分爲集中式和分佈式。
2.1 集中式在線電池內阻監控系統
集中式監控系統是指將一組甚至多組電池連接到同一臺設備上進行測試,圖3是集中式監控系統的一個例子。
集中式監控系統測試電池內阻大都採用交流注入法,即在設備內部產生一個一定頻率和幅度的交流(基本是正弦)信號注入到蓄電池兩端,然後通過探測並檢出蓄電池兩端同頻率的電壓波動即可確定電池的內阻。交流注入法也是大部分手持內阻儀檢測內阻的方法。交流注入法不需要從電池中取電,從而不會對電池本身的容量和壽命有影響。但交流注入法對電池注入的電流一般不能太大(1A以下)以避免對動力環境系統產生干擾,這麼小的電流引起的電池電壓的波動是非常難以精確測試的,很容易受到動力環境系統中的噪聲的干擾,特別是在UPS系統裏電池兩端存在大量的諧波干擾,如何濾除這些干擾是非常有挑戰性的一項工作。就目前的集中式設備測試內阻的結果來看精度大都不太理想,距離分佈式的採集模塊還是有差距的。集中式設備由於要採集多個電池單體的參數,這樣就需要從設備引出大量的連接線,而且由於電池擺放的位置不同,這些連接線的長度和走線都不一致,從而使得集中式監控系統的施工和維護都較爲麻煩。
雖然集中式的監控方式有種種弊端,但由於其成本較低,所以在一些對內阻精度要求不高的場合還是有相當的市場。生產集中式設備的廠家包括艾默生,杭州高特以及一些較小的廠商。
2.2 分佈式在線電池內阻監控系統
相對集中式監控方式,分佈式系統的電池參數採集模塊和蓄電池一一對應,採集模塊通過導軌或者雙面膠固定於電池表面,由於每一個電池單體配置一個傳感器,因此連接線短,這樣使得現場施工佈線非常簡單。
在分佈式監控系統中,電池參數採集模塊將採集到的數據通過串行總線上報給現場主機,再由現場主機上報給中心服務器,用戶通過客戶端訪問服務器即可查看電池運行的狀態參數。
分佈式系統的電池參數採集模塊由於體積較小,不能自身內部產生較大電流的信號,需從電池本身來取電,所以測試內阻的方法一般採用直流或者交流放電法,即對電池拉取特定頻率和幅度的直流(脈衝)或者交流(正弦)電流,然後通過測試電池兩端的電壓波動來確定電池的內阻。由於脈衝信號裏面包含的諧波分量較多,對於後期信號處理來說比較複雜,從測試的內阻結果精度來看也是交流放電法較好一些。採用直流放電法的有萊姆,華塑等公司,海偉辰電子等公司採用的是交流放電法。
3.電池參數採集模塊的性能指標
衡量模塊內阻測試的性能指標包括測試的絕對精度,測試結果的重複度,模塊的靜態損耗以及模塊測試內阻時的動態損耗以及模塊的安全性能。
3.1 絕對精度
內阻測量的絕對精度是指傳感器內阻測試的值與真實內阻值之間的差異。測試的結果應該越接近真實值越好,但長期以來這個指標都缺乏判斷的依據,因爲電池的內阻值並沒有一個標準值。甚至有些人提出這個指標並不重要,但筆者看來這是衡量一個採集模塊性能的重要指標,因爲很多電池加裝監控系統的時候已經使用了一段時間了,如果測試不準確,就很難與初始內阻值(廠家提供)來比較,從而難以判定電池的容量狀態。解決這個難題其實也很簡單,可以用標準的精密電阻來模擬電池內阻,然後用採集模塊來測試電阻的阻值從而判斷採集模塊的絕對精度。
3.2 測試結果的重複度
內阻測試的重複度是指對同一電池單體,在同一時間和同一條件下,用同一採集模塊反覆測量內阻值,得到的結果的偏差範圍。需要指出的是衡量這個指標的條件不僅是在電池脫機工作的時候,更要考慮電池在線工作時系統有大量諧波干擾的情況下采集模塊的測試結果的一致性。測試表明很多廠家的採集模塊在有干擾的情況下測試結果離散性非常大,有些模塊甚至在有干擾的情況下不能正常工作。
3.3 模塊的損耗
損耗包括模塊不測試的時候的靜態損耗和測試參數時候的動態損耗。靜態損耗在電池脫機工作的情況下是個重要的參數,因爲分佈式的模塊都要從電池本身取電,如果靜態損耗太大,對電池本身的消耗也較大。動態損耗主要是模塊在測試內阻的時候從電池內部拉電流的大小,電流越小對電池的衝擊也就越小,但電流太小所引起的電壓波動也較小,對於信號檢測電路的設計要求相應提高,從而也會影響到最後測試結果的精確性。市場上現有的模塊拉電流的大小從幾百個毫安到幾安培不等。
3.4 模塊的安全性能
模塊的安全性能是指模塊在發生故障的情況下能否不影響系統的安全。這要求模塊在內部短路的時候能從物理上與電池隔離開,另外在施工中很容易發生電池正負極接反的情況,這就要求模塊本身要有反接保護,以避免反接時模塊損壞。
4. 電池容量狀態的判斷
對於電池用戶來說最關心的參數還是電池目前的容量狀態,經常我們以電池的健康參數(SOH)來表示。前面我們有講過電池的內阻與容量有一定的關係,但沒有明確的數學對應公式,所以如何將測試得到的內阻轉換成電池的健康參數是有很大的挑戰性的工作。現在有些公司在這方面做了一些研究,也開發出計算軟件,但從結果來看還沒有達到很精確的程度,只能起到一些參考作用。這方面的工作還有待各方面繼續研究。
5. 結束語
作爲動力環境監控中的一環,蓄電池監控逐漸被重視。蓄電池監控近年來發展迅速,涌現出各種新技術和新產品,其中測試電池的內阻以監測電池的容量狀態逐漸成爲主流。隨着這些新的技術和產品的推廣使用,蓄電池的維護工作將從人工化,分散化向自動化,集中化邁進。
雖然VRLA蓄電池號稱是“免維護”的,但現在市場上電池廠家衆多,魚龍混雜,質量參差不齊,而且在實際使用中,由於蓄電池本身的劣化,蓄電池的容量也是在不斷下降的,特別是在實際使用中,通常是多個蓄電池串聯使用,這就使得一個蓄電池的性能劣化會拖累整組電池的性能,從而讓電池組達不到設計容量,一旦停電,事故發生的可能性就大大增加,所以日常對電池組的監控和維護是必不可少的,從而避免電池故障給用電客戶帶來損失。本文就VRLA蓄電池的監控技術的發展和現狀做一個全面的介紹和分析。
1.傳統的電池監控方式
長期以來,蓄電池的維護單位都是以人工維護,最常見的是以下幾種方式:1.1. 覈對性放電這種方法是最準確知道蓄電池容量的方法。具體的操作是將浮充狀態的電池組脫離負載,然後以電池標稱容量的0.1C的速度放電(即100Ah的電池以10A的放電速度放電),並記錄電池到達規定的終止電壓的時間以確定電池的實際容量。這種方法最大的優點是準確,但缺點也顯而易見:這種方法需人工操作,有一定的危險性;需要脫離負載操作,所以放電過程中如果發生停電,系統就沒有後備電源的保障;這種方法其實測試的電池組裏面最差電池單體的容量,其他電池單體的容量仍然沒有掌握的;另外對電池容量本身也有一定的損害,所以不能頻繁的對電池進行覈對性放電,一般的用電單位進行這種測試的頻率是一年1-2次,而電池劣化的過程經常是在幾周內發生的,這樣在兩次測試間隔時期電池的狀態仍然是未知的,事故隱患仍然存在。
1.2.在線或者人工監測電池電壓
這是長期以來監測電池狀態最常用的方法。但從下圖可以看出,在浮充狀態下,容量不同的電池的浮充電壓幾乎是一致的,通過放電測試可以看到容量異常的電池很快就會下降到截止電壓,從而說明通過這種方法來判斷電池的容量是無效的。
1.3.人工測量電池內阻
這種方法通常與方法2共同使用來判別電池好壞。即維護人員利用內阻儀手工測試電池單體的內阻。到目前爲止,雖然大量的文獻指出蓄電池的內阻和容量狀態並沒有一個明確的數學對應關係,但業界裏公認內阻的變化是和容量的變化相關的。在圖2裏面黃色趨勢線顯示蓄電池的內阻在10月到11月期間因爲各種原因急劇上升,因此可以判斷出蓄電池的狀態已經嚴重劣化,經過對電池的放電證實的確是電池已經失效。
但這種方法的缺點也顯而易見:不能實時在線監測電池的狀態;花費的時間長,人力成本高;有些電池組由於空間的限制,並不便於人工操作;每次測試由於人員和儀器的不同數據會有較大的差異。這種測試方法也不再適應現在的電池監控系統的需求,取而代之的是在線式的內阻監控方式。下面我們就這種監控方式作詳細的介紹。
2.在線電池內阻監控方式
從系統架構來看這種監控方式分爲集中式和分佈式。
2.1 集中式在線電池內阻監控系統
集中式監控系統是指將一組甚至多組電池連接到同一臺設備上進行測試,圖3是集中式監控系統的一個例子。
集中式監控系統測試電池內阻大都採用交流注入法,即在設備內部產生一個一定頻率和幅度的交流(基本是正弦)信號注入到蓄電池兩端,然後通過探測並檢出蓄電池兩端同頻率的電壓波動即可確定電池的內阻。交流注入法也是大部分手持內阻儀檢測內阻的方法。交流注入法不需要從電池中取電,從而不會對電池本身的容量和壽命有影響。但交流注入法對電池注入的電流一般不能太大(1A以下)以避免對動力環境系統產生干擾,這麼小的電流引起的電池電壓的波動是非常難以精確測試的,很容易受到動力環境系統中的噪聲的干擾,特別是在UPS系統裏電池兩端存在大量的諧波干擾,如何濾除這些干擾是非常有挑戰性的一項工作。就目前的集中式設備測試內阻的結果來看精度大都不太理想,距離分佈式的採集模塊還是有差距的。集中式設備由於要採集多個電池單體的參數,這樣就需要從設備引出大量的連接線,而且由於電池擺放的位置不同,這些連接線的長度和走線都不一致,從而使得集中式監控系統的施工和維護都較爲麻煩。
雖然集中式的監控方式有種種弊端,但由於其成本較低,所以在一些對內阻精度要求不高的場合還是有相當的市場。生產集中式設備的廠家包括艾默生,杭州高特以及一些較小的廠商。
2.2 分佈式在線電池內阻監控系統
相對集中式監控方式,分佈式系統的電池參數採集模塊和蓄電池一一對應,採集模塊通過導軌或者雙面膠固定於電池表面,由於每一個電池單體配置一個傳感器,因此連接線短,這樣使得現場施工佈線非常簡單。
在分佈式監控系統中,電池參數採集模塊將採集到的數據通過串行總線上報給現場主機,再由現場主機上報給中心服務器,用戶通過客戶端訪問服務器即可查看電池運行的狀態參數。
分佈式系統的電池參數採集模塊由於體積較小,不能自身內部產生較大電流的信號,需從電池本身來取電,所以測試內阻的方法一般採用直流或者交流放電法,即對電池拉取特定頻率和幅度的直流(脈衝)或者交流(正弦)電流,然後通過測試電池兩端的電壓波動來確定電池的內阻。由於脈衝信號裏面包含的諧波分量較多,對於後期信號處理來說比較複雜,從測試的內阻結果精度來看也是交流放電法較好一些。採用直流放電法的有萊姆,華塑等公司,海偉辰電子等公司採用的是交流放電法。
3.電池參數採集模塊的性能指標
衡量模塊內阻測試的性能指標包括測試的絕對精度,測試結果的重複度,模塊的靜態損耗以及模塊測試內阻時的動態損耗以及模塊的安全性能。
3.1 絕對精度
內阻測量的絕對精度是指傳感器內阻測試的值與真實內阻值之間的差異。測試的結果應該越接近真實值越好,但長期以來這個指標都缺乏判斷的依據,因爲電池的內阻值並沒有一個標準值。甚至有些人提出這個指標並不重要,但筆者看來這是衡量一個採集模塊性能的重要指標,因爲很多電池加裝監控系統的時候已經使用了一段時間了,如果測試不準確,就很難與初始內阻值(廠家提供)來比較,從而難以判定電池的容量狀態。解決這個難題其實也很簡單,可以用標準的精密電阻來模擬電池內阻,然後用採集模塊來測試電阻的阻值從而判斷採集模塊的絕對精度。
3.2 測試結果的重複度
內阻測試的重複度是指對同一電池單體,在同一時間和同一條件下,用同一採集模塊反覆測量內阻值,得到的結果的偏差範圍。需要指出的是衡量這個指標的條件不僅是在電池脫機工作的時候,更要考慮電池在線工作時系統有大量諧波干擾的情況下采集模塊的測試結果的一致性。測試表明很多廠家的採集模塊在有干擾的情況下測試結果離散性非常大,有些模塊甚至在有干擾的情況下不能正常工作。
3.3 模塊的損耗
損耗包括模塊不測試的時候的靜態損耗和測試參數時候的動態損耗。靜態損耗在電池脫機工作的情況下是個重要的參數,因爲分佈式的模塊都要從電池本身取電,如果靜態損耗太大,對電池本身的消耗也較大。動態損耗主要是模塊在測試內阻的時候從電池內部拉電流的大小,電流越小對電池的衝擊也就越小,但電流太小所引起的電壓波動也較小,對於信號檢測電路的設計要求相應提高,從而也會影響到最後測試結果的精確性。市場上現有的模塊拉電流的大小從幾百個毫安到幾安培不等。
3.4 模塊的安全性能
模塊的安全性能是指模塊在發生故障的情況下能否不影響系統的安全。這要求模塊在內部短路的時候能從物理上與電池隔離開,另外在施工中很容易發生電池正負極接反的情況,這就要求模塊本身要有反接保護,以避免反接時模塊損壞。
4. 電池容量狀態的判斷
對於電池用戶來說最關心的參數還是電池目前的容量狀態,經常我們以電池的健康參數(SOH)來表示。前面我們有講過電池的內阻與容量有一定的關係,但沒有明確的數學對應公式,所以如何將測試得到的內阻轉換成電池的健康參數是有很大的挑戰性的工作。現在有些公司在這方面做了一些研究,也開發出計算軟件,但從結果來看還沒有達到很精確的程度,只能起到一些參考作用。這方面的工作還有待各方面繼續研究。
5. 結束語
作爲動力環境監控中的一環,蓄電池監控逐漸被重視。蓄電池監控近年來發展迅速,涌現出各種新技術和新產品,其中測試電池的內阻以監測電池的容量狀態逐漸成爲主流。隨着這些新的技術和產品的推廣使用,蓄電池的維護工作將從人工化,分散化向自動化,集中化邁進。
Enterprise data center migration, data storage optimization
Data center migration, storage technology is almost the most neglected or ignored. The management of storage devices in many enterprises is usually implemented by the primary members of the operation team. Compared with applications and networks, storage professionals rarely have industry certification. Storage professionals are often ignored in promotion, and in many cases, storage professionals do not have a workable career ladder.
Storage devices are also ignored in IT resource management. Many data centers usually do not make full use of storage space, so that the data they can hold can not exceed 20%.. In other cases, storage devices are also ignored. No one needs to check where the unused storage space is. In contrast, the way they deal with the lack of storage space is to buy more storage devices.
The lesson is also obvious: if the enterprise wants to improve the cost of the data center, it needs to implement the best management practice of storage and other resources.
The following are the six steps that the chief information officer and the data center manager can take to optimize the large data storage.
1. check the stratified strategy of large data
Most data center managers admit that they store much more data than they want. The main reason is to worry that discarding the data that may be useful to the future has a certain impact on the electronic discovery and retrieval of the document. However, none of these can store data in an optimized processing and storage manner.
Data seldom used by enterprises or data that have never been used but may be used for legal purposes can be stored in data centers or clouds, or stored on cold storage devices consisting of tapes and disks which are slow but inexpensive. The fast daily access data that the enterprise must provide can be stored on a high - speed solid state hard disk with high prices. The occasionally accessed data between these two extremes can be residing on a medium speed disk drive.
Enterprises need to determine which data should be stored and then placed there, which will reduce the cost of storage.
2. evaluate the cost of data scalability based on Cloud Computing (relative to local deployment)
The current view is that it would be better to use the lengthwise extension data storage at the cloud end for peak data time, because the enterprise only leased the storage space. However, there may be hidden costs when the enterprise is beyond the normal data storage allocation of the cloud. The enterprise should regularly assess whether it is actually expanding in the cloud, and whether it is cheaper to extend the data vertically than in its own data center.
3. clear the storage resources of the enterprise and evaluate their use
Enterprises in the data center, somewhere in the data center, or somewhere in the field, will find the disk drive that is not fully utilized. If the enterprise does not have a latest IT asset management system that tracks all the assets, it needs to be immediately obtained and started to use. Storage devices should be the first area of concern for enterprises, to see if they are fully utilized or not used at all, so enterprises can see where to improve their utility. If there is an outdated storage resource, it can be cleared.
4. evaluation of enterprise distributed data mart storage
This point is in line with the views mentioned above. Enterprises need to know where their distributed data mart (and storage) are and how to make full use of storage devices. If the utilization of storage devices is greatly reduced, then try to redistribute it to a larger demand area.
5. make edge storage strategy and Practice
The unique feature of edge storage is that most of the storage devices are in the use of robots, artificial intelligence, machine learning and automated manufacturing facilities. Edge storage enables enterprises to temporarily store data in collection points of local data centers, and then upload data when bandwidth becomes more available. This may be a batch night process.
Edge storage management may be a problem, because in many cases, local production engineers or factory workers who do not have knowledge background are required to manage. IT storage professionals need to monitor these storage devices, so that they can monitor the running status of the whole, and to determine which machine generated data stored and what data (such as communication between machines and related business, jitter) and decide whether it should be discarded.
6. policy for the formulation and implementation of data retention
Usually the enterprise reviews a user's data retention policy every few years, and these audits should be carried out once a year. Data preservation and user access rights should be reviewed annually, because the storage capacity of these two aspects is constantly changing. This measure also prompts users to determine which data they want and which data can be discarded.
The ultimate goal of all these big data storage objectives is to optimize the utilization and overhead of storage resources, regardless of whether the resources are deployed inside the data center or in the cloud.
Storage devices are also ignored in IT resource management. Many data centers usually do not make full use of storage space, so that the data they can hold can not exceed 20%.. In other cases, storage devices are also ignored. No one needs to check where the unused storage space is. In contrast, the way they deal with the lack of storage space is to buy more storage devices.
The lesson is also obvious: if the enterprise wants to improve the cost of the data center, it needs to implement the best management practice of storage and other resources.
The following are the six steps that the chief information officer and the data center manager can take to optimize the large data storage.
1. check the stratified strategy of large data
Most data center managers admit that they store much more data than they want. The main reason is to worry that discarding the data that may be useful to the future has a certain impact on the electronic discovery and retrieval of the document. However, none of these can store data in an optimized processing and storage manner.
Data seldom used by enterprises or data that have never been used but may be used for legal purposes can be stored in data centers or clouds, or stored on cold storage devices consisting of tapes and disks which are slow but inexpensive. The fast daily access data that the enterprise must provide can be stored on a high - speed solid state hard disk with high prices. The occasionally accessed data between these two extremes can be residing on a medium speed disk drive.
Enterprises need to determine which data should be stored and then placed there, which will reduce the cost of storage.
2. evaluate the cost of data scalability based on Cloud Computing (relative to local deployment)
The current view is that it would be better to use the lengthwise extension data storage at the cloud end for peak data time, because the enterprise only leased the storage space. However, there may be hidden costs when the enterprise is beyond the normal data storage allocation of the cloud. The enterprise should regularly assess whether it is actually expanding in the cloud, and whether it is cheaper to extend the data vertically than in its own data center.
3. clear the storage resources of the enterprise and evaluate their use
Enterprises in the data center, somewhere in the data center, or somewhere in the field, will find the disk drive that is not fully utilized. If the enterprise does not have a latest IT asset management system that tracks all the assets, it needs to be immediately obtained and started to use. Storage devices should be the first area of concern for enterprises, to see if they are fully utilized or not used at all, so enterprises can see where to improve their utility. If there is an outdated storage resource, it can be cleared.
4. evaluation of enterprise distributed data mart storage
This point is in line with the views mentioned above. Enterprises need to know where their distributed data mart (and storage) are and how to make full use of storage devices. If the utilization of storage devices is greatly reduced, then try to redistribute it to a larger demand area.
5. make edge storage strategy and Practice
The unique feature of edge storage is that most of the storage devices are in the use of robots, artificial intelligence, machine learning and automated manufacturing facilities. Edge storage enables enterprises to temporarily store data in collection points of local data centers, and then upload data when bandwidth becomes more available. This may be a batch night process.
Edge storage management may be a problem, because in many cases, local production engineers or factory workers who do not have knowledge background are required to manage. IT storage professionals need to monitor these storage devices, so that they can monitor the running status of the whole, and to determine which machine generated data stored and what data (such as communication between machines and related business, jitter) and decide whether it should be discarded.
6. policy for the formulation and implementation of data retention
Usually the enterprise reviews a user's data retention policy every few years, and these audits should be carried out once a year. Data preservation and user access rights should be reviewed annually, because the storage capacity of these two aspects is constantly changing. This measure also prompts users to determine which data they want and which data can be discarded.
The ultimate goal of all these big data storage objectives is to optimize the utilization and overhead of storage resources, regardless of whether the resources are deployed inside the data center or in the cloud.
Website design, how to make a web site quickly
Website design, whether personal or business, is inseparable from the Internet. Many traditional businesses have to choose the Internet passively and actively embrace the Internet. Indeed, the Internet has brought greater opportunities and challenges to enterprises. In the early days, many enterprises exploited the Internet with the help of the Internet, and at the lowest cost, they carried out brand publicity, word of mouth publicity, product publicity and so on. Website is a window for enterprises on the Internet. It is also a platform for companies to better demonstrate their strength and brand publicity, so that more potential users can learn better companies and achieve cooperation opportunities. But how can an enterprise make a web site quickly and have its own website?
First, website structure design
This requires that we never forget the original intention of building the website, what the website we built is to do. The website should show the appearance and function of its own unique products in a professional way, which conforms to the aesthetic requirements of the customer group. And there is a sense of art as a bright spot to make a good impression on the user at the first time. In short, we must show the unique part of our products, and really sell our products, so that customers can't afford to leave your products at the first time.
Two. Technical content
The first thing to explain is that we do not encourage enterprises to increase technical content in their own websites. In fact, what is important is the extent to which the technology used to achieve the expected function, or what kind of technology the website wants to achieve, which is cost-effective. In our contacts with enterprises, we often encounter such a situation: the advanced technology is used in the website, of course, a lot of investment has been made, but in fact, the functions achieved can be realized through other ways, which is very low investment, but the enterprises do not understand them. We don't need to discuss the quality of design companies. What we want to point out is that enterprises must know more about information and make more comparisons in their website construction. Meanwhile, we should carefully review their website design. This design center to remind you that the website construction is not a simple task, how to stand in the perspective of business planning, build a practical website, input and website function matching technology, and you need to design company or professionals to explore.
Three. The practicability of the website
Practicality is the foundation of the website, if the basic practicality of a website has problems, such a website must not go long. The success of the website is to allow users to search, browse, trust, and eventually transform into your customers, into the actual banknotes. Therefore, it is self-evident practical important site, where we are in building site early must think the value of the site, which is for the customers, what kind of website is what they need, these problems are to be considered, it will embody your days after the site is valuable.
Four. Trust relationship
To their customers and to establish a relationship of trust, let them fully trust you, in fact, is nothing more than words, we all know that the text is the indispensable content of any website, the website wants to promote the visitors into customers, to provide useful information for these potential customers, let them trust you with the information. At this point, the text will be a good choice, and it will also be a guarantee for customers to trust you.
Five, the stability of the website
When your clients fully understand your site, and you want to trust you, there is a substantial transaction, if your site suddenly can't open, or open speed suddenly become very slow, so for a long time did not open, at this time, I'm afraid. Customers will like this and you lost so, it is really a pity. Therefore, we must choose a good space at the beginning of the construction of the website, and the stability of the website is very important.
Six. Content update
The website is not updated for a long time. If a web site comes online and updates a month, the user will not be interested in browsing such a site. Although there is a certain cost for updating and maintaining website content, we cannot give up content updating for this reason, so we lose the significance of building website. If you can't do it every day, you can update it in a few days or update it on the home page to make the website live.
Seven. Sell the website
When everything is built on the website, the website should be fully marketed. Of course, the way to promote the website is a variety of, among which search engine promotion should be the most important, many websites are using it to do propaganda. In my view, no matter what kind of way you use to promote, as long as we achieve the purpose of selling the website, we can make more customers find you and see your website's information. That's enough.
First, website structure design
This requires that we never forget the original intention of building the website, what the website we built is to do. The website should show the appearance and function of its own unique products in a professional way, which conforms to the aesthetic requirements of the customer group. And there is a sense of art as a bright spot to make a good impression on the user at the first time. In short, we must show the unique part of our products, and really sell our products, so that customers can't afford to leave your products at the first time.
Two. Technical content
The first thing to explain is that we do not encourage enterprises to increase technical content in their own websites. In fact, what is important is the extent to which the technology used to achieve the expected function, or what kind of technology the website wants to achieve, which is cost-effective. In our contacts with enterprises, we often encounter such a situation: the advanced technology is used in the website, of course, a lot of investment has been made, but in fact, the functions achieved can be realized through other ways, which is very low investment, but the enterprises do not understand them. We don't need to discuss the quality of design companies. What we want to point out is that enterprises must know more about information and make more comparisons in their website construction. Meanwhile, we should carefully review their website design. This design center to remind you that the website construction is not a simple task, how to stand in the perspective of business planning, build a practical website, input and website function matching technology, and you need to design company or professionals to explore.
Three. The practicability of the website
Practicality is the foundation of the website, if the basic practicality of a website has problems, such a website must not go long. The success of the website is to allow users to search, browse, trust, and eventually transform into your customers, into the actual banknotes. Therefore, it is self-evident practical important site, where we are in building site early must think the value of the site, which is for the customers, what kind of website is what they need, these problems are to be considered, it will embody your days after the site is valuable.
Four. Trust relationship
To their customers and to establish a relationship of trust, let them fully trust you, in fact, is nothing more than words, we all know that the text is the indispensable content of any website, the website wants to promote the visitors into customers, to provide useful information for these potential customers, let them trust you with the information. At this point, the text will be a good choice, and it will also be a guarantee for customers to trust you.
Five, the stability of the website
When your clients fully understand your site, and you want to trust you, there is a substantial transaction, if your site suddenly can't open, or open speed suddenly become very slow, so for a long time did not open, at this time, I'm afraid. Customers will like this and you lost so, it is really a pity. Therefore, we must choose a good space at the beginning of the construction of the website, and the stability of the website is very important.
Six. Content update
The website is not updated for a long time. If a web site comes online and updates a month, the user will not be interested in browsing such a site. Although there is a certain cost for updating and maintaining website content, we cannot give up content updating for this reason, so we lose the significance of building website. If you can't do it every day, you can update it in a few days or update it on the home page to make the website live.
Seven. Sell the website
When everything is built on the website, the website should be fully marketed. Of course, the way to promote the website is a variety of, among which search engine promotion should be the most important, many websites are using it to do propaganda. In my view, no matter what kind of way you use to promote, as long as we achieve the purpose of selling the website, we can make more customers find you and see your website's information. That's enough.
2018年1月30日 星期二
數據中心絕熱冷通道模
冷通道模,每年需要企業計算和存儲的電子數據量呈指數級增長。新建的數據中心所增加的可用物理空間,已難以滿足市場需求的增長。因此,人們面臨的挑戰是在相同的空間提供更多的計算能力和電力容量。在相同的物理空間中要求更高級別的計算處理能力增加了熱密度,所以數據中心業主需要更加高效的冷卻系統,以便在滿足業務增長的情況下滿足市場需求。
如今受到業界關注的一個冷卻技術是絕熱冷卻,其用水量比其他製冷系統少90%。
平衡環境和底線
隨着互聯網的快速發展,企業對更高的計算能力的需求逐年上升,但IT系統越強大,產生的熱量就越多。隨着數據中心的發展,對冷卻設備的要求也越來越高。將數千瓦的計算機資源部署在更小的空間是降低設備成本和規模的關鍵。在這樣做的過程中,數據中心將會增加IT系統的功率密度,而增加了功率,每單位面積的熱量就會相應提高。
除了增加電力成本外,數據中心所有者和運營商也比較關注環境影響,包括碳排放及其對當地發電廠和用水量的影響。雖然電力成本和供水量可能因地區而異,但世界各地的數據中心所有者都關注降低運營支出,並設法更有效地傳輸和處理數據,並使其電力能耗和用水量少於10年前的水平。
爲了確保這些強大的IT系統處於最佳狀態,並且不會由於過熱而影響正常運作,其冷卻系統也必須適應和增長。爲了保持業務盈利,數據中心必須平衡先進的性能,強大的技術優勢,以及運行這樣的計算系統的成本。業界廠商已經明白,數據中心行業已經不能這樣再持續數十年的發展,而隨着需求的增長,將不斷建立規模更大的數據中心。必須有效地清除機房熱量,而不會大大增加運行數據中心的成本。
高效絕熱冷卻
所有冷卻設備必須將熱量排除在空氣中,大多數設計者都使用蒸發或空氣冷卻。蒸發冷卻器(冷卻塔)比空氣冷卻系統更節能,但它們使用大量的水,需要成本高昂的人工維護和化學處理。數據中心每年可以輕易地消耗數百萬加侖的水。
當環境溫度低時,空氣冷卻設備運行良好,但在炎熱季節會消耗更多的能量。這種更高的能源需求需要一個更大和更昂貴的基礎設施來支持它。例如,後備發電機的尺寸必須儘可能大,因此相對於蒸發系統而言,備用發電機的尺寸要大得多。
最近,出現的新技術可以爲數據中心提供第三種冷卻方案,即絕熱冷卻,將蒸發和空氣冷卻集成到一個系統中。絕熱冷卻系統利用水的蒸發效應將周圍空氣預先冷卻溼球,從而使冷卻器更爲有效,操作更爲高效。
與不斷使用冷卻水傳統的冷卻塔不同,絕熱冷卻系統只能在日常最熱的部分使用蒸發冷卻。空氣冷卻在異常高的環境溫度下只會降低效率,所以這纔是真正需要蒸發冷卻的唯一時間。在其餘時間內,絕熱冷卻系統可以滿足設備的冷卻負載的需求而不使用任何水,只是作爲一個簡單的空氣冷卻系統運行。
在大多數氣候條件下,絕熱冷卻系統每年的用水量比其他系統少90%。當環境空氣較高,需要蒸發冷卻時,絕熱冷卻系統進行切換,有效地處理全年的冷卻需求。當環境空氣降低時,不再需要蒸發冷卻,絕熱系統可以切換到沒有水的乾燥空氣進行冷卻。以這種方式設置的絕熱冷卻系統允許數據中心在使用比傳統冷卻系統少得多的水的情況下有效地冷卻IT設備。
因其蒸發過程限制在絕熱部分內,因此傳熱盤管可以保持完全乾燥,防止不必要的結垢,並減少對成本高昂的化學處理系統的依賴。
兩全其美
絕熱系統比空氣冷卻系統消耗的電能要少得多。這些功率較小的系統可以減少支持冷卻系統的備用發電機的尺寸。這降低了基礎架構成本的降低,也降低了建設設施的成本,同時也減少了電費和水費。此外,它還節省了數據中心空間,當需要擴展題時,可以用於部署數據中心的IT設備。
絕熱技術多年來已被用於在數據中心行業空氣側的空氣處理,但只能在機械設備中使用,在工廠生產製造的封裝單元可立即使用。該技術可應用於流體冷卻器、冷凝器、冷凝機組、冷水機組。
爲了減少工作量,數據中心正在尋求創新的方法儘可能地降低運營成本,而計算機技術的更新升級日新月異。爲了滿足部署更密集和更強大的IT設備的用戶需求,數據中心技術也迫切需要可以跟上時代發展和進步的冷卻技術。機械設備的新產品,其中包括包裝絕熱冷卻技術,這有助於數據中心的所有者和運營者應對日益增長的電力成本問題和環境問題帶來的挑戰。
如今受到業界關注的一個冷卻技術是絕熱冷卻,其用水量比其他製冷系統少90%。
平衡環境和底線
隨着互聯網的快速發展,企業對更高的計算能力的需求逐年上升,但IT系統越強大,產生的熱量就越多。隨着數據中心的發展,對冷卻設備的要求也越來越高。將數千瓦的計算機資源部署在更小的空間是降低設備成本和規模的關鍵。在這樣做的過程中,數據中心將會增加IT系統的功率密度,而增加了功率,每單位面積的熱量就會相應提高。
除了增加電力成本外,數據中心所有者和運營商也比較關注環境影響,包括碳排放及其對當地發電廠和用水量的影響。雖然電力成本和供水量可能因地區而異,但世界各地的數據中心所有者都關注降低運營支出,並設法更有效地傳輸和處理數據,並使其電力能耗和用水量少於10年前的水平。
爲了確保這些強大的IT系統處於最佳狀態,並且不會由於過熱而影響正常運作,其冷卻系統也必須適應和增長。爲了保持業務盈利,數據中心必須平衡先進的性能,強大的技術優勢,以及運行這樣的計算系統的成本。業界廠商已經明白,數據中心行業已經不能這樣再持續數十年的發展,而隨着需求的增長,將不斷建立規模更大的數據中心。必須有效地清除機房熱量,而不會大大增加運行數據中心的成本。
高效絕熱冷卻
所有冷卻設備必須將熱量排除在空氣中,大多數設計者都使用蒸發或空氣冷卻。蒸發冷卻器(冷卻塔)比空氣冷卻系統更節能,但它們使用大量的水,需要成本高昂的人工維護和化學處理。數據中心每年可以輕易地消耗數百萬加侖的水。
當環境溫度低時,空氣冷卻設備運行良好,但在炎熱季節會消耗更多的能量。這種更高的能源需求需要一個更大和更昂貴的基礎設施來支持它。例如,後備發電機的尺寸必須儘可能大,因此相對於蒸發系統而言,備用發電機的尺寸要大得多。
最近,出現的新技術可以爲數據中心提供第三種冷卻方案,即絕熱冷卻,將蒸發和空氣冷卻集成到一個系統中。絕熱冷卻系統利用水的蒸發效應將周圍空氣預先冷卻溼球,從而使冷卻器更爲有效,操作更爲高效。
與不斷使用冷卻水傳統的冷卻塔不同,絕熱冷卻系統只能在日常最熱的部分使用蒸發冷卻。空氣冷卻在異常高的環境溫度下只會降低效率,所以這纔是真正需要蒸發冷卻的唯一時間。在其餘時間內,絕熱冷卻系統可以滿足設備的冷卻負載的需求而不使用任何水,只是作爲一個簡單的空氣冷卻系統運行。
在大多數氣候條件下,絕熱冷卻系統每年的用水量比其他系統少90%。當環境空氣較高,需要蒸發冷卻時,絕熱冷卻系統進行切換,有效地處理全年的冷卻需求。當環境空氣降低時,不再需要蒸發冷卻,絕熱系統可以切換到沒有水的乾燥空氣進行冷卻。以這種方式設置的絕熱冷卻系統允許數據中心在使用比傳統冷卻系統少得多的水的情況下有效地冷卻IT設備。
因其蒸發過程限制在絕熱部分內,因此傳熱盤管可以保持完全乾燥,防止不必要的結垢,並減少對成本高昂的化學處理系統的依賴。
兩全其美
絕熱系統比空氣冷卻系統消耗的電能要少得多。這些功率較小的系統可以減少支持冷卻系統的備用發電機的尺寸。這降低了基礎架構成本的降低,也降低了建設設施的成本,同時也減少了電費和水費。此外,它還節省了數據中心空間,當需要擴展題時,可以用於部署數據中心的IT設備。
絕熱技術多年來已被用於在數據中心行業空氣側的空氣處理,但只能在機械設備中使用,在工廠生產製造的封裝單元可立即使用。該技術可應用於流體冷卻器、冷凝器、冷凝機組、冷水機組。
爲了減少工作量,數據中心正在尋求創新的方法儘可能地降低運營成本,而計算機技術的更新升級日新月異。爲了滿足部署更密集和更強大的IT設備的用戶需求,數據中心技術也迫切需要可以跟上時代發展和進步的冷卻技術。機械設備的新產品,其中包括包裝絕熱冷卻技術,這有助於數據中心的所有者和運營者應對日益增長的電力成本問題和環境問題帶來的挑戰。
機房建置應急處理體系建設
機房建置,應急體系建設,各類數據中心應針對本數據中心基礎設施運維的特點,建立基礎設施運維應急處理體系,應急體系建設原則如下:
總則:包括基礎設施運維應急處理體系目的、工作原則、編制依據和適用範圍。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理組織指揮體系及職責:包括組織機構和職責、組織體系框架描述。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的預防和預警機制:包括對預防機制、預警監測、預防預警行動、預警分級和發佈的介紹。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的應急響應:說明應急響應的階段劃分、應急響應各階段的工作內容和要求。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的後期處置:包含情況彙報和經驗總結、獎懲評定及表彰。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的保障措施:從信息資源、人力資源、財力資源、物力資源四個方面,說明爲應對突發或重要事件所應配備的資源及相應的管理辦法。
附則:包括名詞術語和縮寫語、預案的管理與更新、溝通與協作、制訂與解釋部門等內容。
2、應急預案制定
數據中心基礎設施運維,要提前制定針對本數據中心的相關應急預案。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案的制定,要注意以下幾個方面:
針對性。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案,是針對可能發生的事故,爲迅速、有序地開展應急行動而預先制定的行動方案,因此,應急預案應結合危險分析的結果。
針對數據中心基礎設施運維重大危險源,如前所述重大危險源是指在數據中心園區內或周邊,長期地或是臨時地生產、搬運、使用或貯存危險性物品,且危險物品的數據等於或超過臨界量的,重大危險源歷來就是數據中心運營監管重點對象,比如數據中心周邊的施工現場、化工廠、加油站、供氣中心等均是數據中心周邊的重大危險源。
針對可能發生的各類事故,在編制應急預案之初,需要對數據中心運營管理過程中可能發生的各類事故進行分析和研究,結合可能發生的各類事故的發生概率、損失大小等,在此基礎上編制數據中心基礎設施運維預案,才能保證應急預案更廣範圍的覆蓋性。
針對數據中心基礎設施運維關鍵的崗位和地點,不同的數據中心,即便同一數據中心不同生產崗位,所存在的風險大小都往往不同,特別是在柴油發電機、高壓機房等,都存在一些特殊或關鍵的工作崗位和地點。
針對薄弱環節,各類數據中心的薄弱環節,主要是指數據中心爲應對重大事故發生而存在的應急能力缺陷或不足方面,數據中心基礎設施運維部門在編制預案過程中,必須針對生產經營在進行重大事故應急救援過程中,人力、物力、救援裝備等資源是否可以滿足要求而提出彌補措施。
針對重要入駐單位:重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統應當編制專門的預案,重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統往往關係到國計民生的大局,一旦發生事故,其造成的影響或損失往往不可估量,因此,針對這些重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統應當編制應急預案。比如政府、金融等領域,數據中心基礎設施運維有必要對此重要領域的客戶做專門的應急預案。
科學性。應急救援工作是一項科學性很強的工作,編制應急預案必須以科學的態度,在全面調查研究的基礎上,實行領導和專家結合的方式,開展科學分析和論證,制定出決策程序和處置方案,應急手段先進的應急反應方案,使應急預案真正的具有科學性。
可操作性。應急預案應具有實用性和可操作性,即發生重大事故災害時,有關應急組織、人員,可以按照應急預案的規定,迅速、有序、有效地開展應急救援行動,降低事故損失。
完整性。功能完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案中,應說明有關部門應履行的應急準備、應急響應職能和災後恢復職能,說明爲確保履行這些職能而應履行的支持性職能。
應急過程完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案應包括應急管理工作中的預防、準備、響應、恢復四個階段。
適用範圍完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案要闡明該預案的使用範圍,即針對不同事故性質可能會對預案的適用範圍進行擴展。
可讀性。
易於查詢。
語言簡潔、通俗易懂。
層次及結構清晰。
相互銜接性。各類針對各種場景的數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案,應相互協調一致、相互兼容。
規範性。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案的版本號建議採用“Vx.y.z(年份)”的形式表示。其中:V:表示版本,是"version"的簡寫;x:大版本更新,結構變化,每次更新數值加1;y:具體更改,部分內容的修正,每次更新數值加1;z:文字修改,奇數爲包含對上一版修改記錄的稿子,偶數爲對上一版修改稿的定稿;年份:最新修改年限,如“2014”代表最新修改發生在2014年。
x、y、z均爲非負整數。每當x加1時,y和z應清零。
總則:包括基礎設施運維應急處理體系目的、工作原則、編制依據和適用範圍。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理組織指揮體系及職責:包括組織機構和職責、組織體系框架描述。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的預防和預警機制:包括對預防機制、預警監測、預防預警行動、預警分級和發佈的介紹。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的應急響應:說明應急響應的階段劃分、應急響應各階段的工作內容和要求。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的後期處置:包含情況彙報和經驗總結、獎懲評定及表彰。
數據中心基礎設施運維應急處理的保障措施:從信息資源、人力資源、財力資源、物力資源四個方面,說明爲應對突發或重要事件所應配備的資源及相應的管理辦法。
附則:包括名詞術語和縮寫語、預案的管理與更新、溝通與協作、制訂與解釋部門等內容。
2、應急預案制定
數據中心基礎設施運維,要提前制定針對本數據中心的相關應急預案。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案的制定,要注意以下幾個方面:
針對性。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案,是針對可能發生的事故,爲迅速、有序地開展應急行動而預先制定的行動方案,因此,應急預案應結合危險分析的結果。
針對數據中心基礎設施運維重大危險源,如前所述重大危險源是指在數據中心園區內或周邊,長期地或是臨時地生產、搬運、使用或貯存危險性物品,且危險物品的數據等於或超過臨界量的,重大危險源歷來就是數據中心運營監管重點對象,比如數據中心周邊的施工現場、化工廠、加油站、供氣中心等均是數據中心周邊的重大危險源。
針對可能發生的各類事故,在編制應急預案之初,需要對數據中心運營管理過程中可能發生的各類事故進行分析和研究,結合可能發生的各類事故的發生概率、損失大小等,在此基礎上編制數據中心基礎設施運維預案,才能保證應急預案更廣範圍的覆蓋性。
針對數據中心基礎設施運維關鍵的崗位和地點,不同的數據中心,即便同一數據中心不同生產崗位,所存在的風險大小都往往不同,特別是在柴油發電機、高壓機房等,都存在一些特殊或關鍵的工作崗位和地點。
針對薄弱環節,各類數據中心的薄弱環節,主要是指數據中心爲應對重大事故發生而存在的應急能力缺陷或不足方面,數據中心基礎設施運維部門在編制預案過程中,必須針對生產經營在進行重大事故應急救援過程中,人力、物力、救援裝備等資源是否可以滿足要求而提出彌補措施。
針對重要入駐單位:重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統應當編制專門的預案,重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統往往關係到國計民生的大局,一旦發生事故,其造成的影響或損失往往不可估量,因此,針對這些重要的入駐單位或自用重要系統應當編制應急預案。比如政府、金融等領域,數據中心基礎設施運維有必要對此重要領域的客戶做專門的應急預案。
科學性。應急救援工作是一項科學性很強的工作,編制應急預案必須以科學的態度,在全面調查研究的基礎上,實行領導和專家結合的方式,開展科學分析和論證,制定出決策程序和處置方案,應急手段先進的應急反應方案,使應急預案真正的具有科學性。
可操作性。應急預案應具有實用性和可操作性,即發生重大事故災害時,有關應急組織、人員,可以按照應急預案的規定,迅速、有序、有效地開展應急救援行動,降低事故損失。
完整性。功能完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案中,應說明有關部門應履行的應急準備、應急響應職能和災後恢復職能,說明爲確保履行這些職能而應履行的支持性職能。
應急過程完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案應包括應急管理工作中的預防、準備、響應、恢復四個階段。
適用範圍完整。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案要闡明該預案的使用範圍,即針對不同事故性質可能會對預案的適用範圍進行擴展。
可讀性。
易於查詢。
語言簡潔、通俗易懂。
層次及結構清晰。
相互銜接性。各類針對各種場景的數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案,應相互協調一致、相互兼容。
規範性。數據中心基礎設施運維應急預案的版本號建議採用“Vx.y.z(年份)”的形式表示。其中:V:表示版本,是"version"的簡寫;x:大版本更新,結構變化,每次更新數值加1;y:具體更改,部分內容的修正,每次更新數值加1;z:文字修改,奇數爲包含對上一版修改記錄的稿子,偶數爲對上一版修改稿的定稿;年份:最新修改年限,如“2014”代表最新修改發生在2014年。
x、y、z均爲非負整數。每當x加1時,y和z應清零。
Emergency processing of data center migration
Data center migration, human beings in the disaster of the commitment and pay, realized the transition to a higher degree of civilization, the data center infrastructure operation and maintenance is also the same.The fact that if, in the high risk society, with riots, flood, mine, major pollution event marked the disaster type of public emergency in all kinds of accidents the focus in recent years, is a major test for China's current political, social.Then, the occurrence of power failure, water suspension, fire, flood, etc., the continuous operation of the data center has also posed unprecedented challenges.
In this paper, based on industry best practices, operations on data center infrastructure of emergency response organization system, operation mechanism, emergency protection, supervision and management of the analyses, this paper discusses the purpose and significance of emergency treatment, emergency treatment are given relative term explanation, analyzes the basic principles of emergency treatment, emergency treatment system is studied and emergency handling supplies management advice, several typical scenes at the end of the paper in view of the data center, given the corresponding emergency treatment Suggestions, provide reference for the readers reference.
1. Purpose and significance of emergency treatment.
In order to ensure the continuous operation of the data center business, all kinds of data centers are equipped with redundant configuration of equipment and system in the hardware construction, so as to improve the business guarantee ability of data center.At the same time, however, statistics show that there are still a large number of data centers in the world that are not properly handled by the infrastructure operation, causing some or all of the business to go down.How to ensure the data center can achieve rules-based, after accidents have according to the can depend on, for all kinds of data centers must establish emergency response system, the purpose and significance to explore the following.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system to determine the scope and method of emergency rescue, the data center of emergency management is no longer there, nowhere, especially through training and drills, can make the data center emergency personnel familiar with his task and role positioning, have corresponding capacity needed to complete the assigned tasks, and test plan and execute a program, evaluation of emergency workers overall coordination.
Data center infrastructure construction of the emergency response operations, help in emergency comes to emergency response in time, reduce the accident consequences, emergency action is sensitive to time request, don't allow any delay, contingency plans in advance has been clear about the emergency parties responsibilities and response procedures, such as in the emergency resources for early preparation, can guide the rapid, efficient and orderly conduct of emergency rescue, the accident caused casualties and property losses, environmental damage and outage time to a minimum.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system is the basis of data centers of various kinds of accident emergency, through the preparation of emergency plans, can for those who are unable to anticipate in advance of sudden accident basic emergency guidance effect, become the "bottom line" of emergency rescue, on this basis, can be compiled for a particular accident category special contingency plans, and targeted contingency plans, special emergency plan preparation and drills.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system, established with the unit and the department of emergency rescue system cohesion, through the preparation of emergency plans, to ensure that when the major accident happened more than the corresponding emergency ability, contact about emergency organization and coordination.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system, to improve risk prevention consciousness, emergency plan compilation, review, publishing, publicity, practice, education and training, and beneficial to all parties understand the face of major accidents and the corresponding emergency measures, is helpful to improve the risk prevention consciousness and ability.
2. Small emergency treatment.
Emergency: emergency is a condition that requires immediate action (beyond the scope of the general working procedure) to avoid accidents or mitigate the consequences of an accident.
Preplan: operational plan for crisis management.
Emergency information security: when the data center facilities are damaged, degraded, abnormal or perform important information security tasks, the information service capability can be guaranteed by emergency means.
Data center security contingency plans: for data center services security work and the operating plan ahead of time, rules for units at all levels to deal with the various or important emergency work principles, organization, emergency response and other general content, suitable for all kinds of paroxysmal or important events.
Major hazards: refers to the data center and around in the park and the long-term or temporary production, handling, use or storage of dangerous articles, data and dangerous goods equals or exceeds the critical quantity, major hazards is always key object data center operation regulation.
Grading response: in the event of a sudden or important event, the emergency response shall be divided according to the national emergency plan standard according to the principle of classification and quick response.
3. Basic principles of emergency treatment.
The following principles should be followed in the data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment:
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment shall comply with the relevant national laws and regulations and abide by the administrative laws and regulations in the area where the data center is located.
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency management should take the responsibility of social responsibility and ensure the safety and unimpeded access of information services related to people's livelihood.
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment should be unified leadership, hierarchical command, make full use of available resources, and highlight the key points.
The information release of the data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency management should be timely, accurate, objective and comprehensive, and should be proactive, accurate, and avoid the information disclosure of speculation and distortion.
In this paper, based on industry best practices, operations on data center infrastructure of emergency response organization system, operation mechanism, emergency protection, supervision and management of the analyses, this paper discusses the purpose and significance of emergency treatment, emergency treatment are given relative term explanation, analyzes the basic principles of emergency treatment, emergency treatment system is studied and emergency handling supplies management advice, several typical scenes at the end of the paper in view of the data center, given the corresponding emergency treatment Suggestions, provide reference for the readers reference.
1. Purpose and significance of emergency treatment.
In order to ensure the continuous operation of the data center business, all kinds of data centers are equipped with redundant configuration of equipment and system in the hardware construction, so as to improve the business guarantee ability of data center.At the same time, however, statistics show that there are still a large number of data centers in the world that are not properly handled by the infrastructure operation, causing some or all of the business to go down.How to ensure the data center can achieve rules-based, after accidents have according to the can depend on, for all kinds of data centers must establish emergency response system, the purpose and significance to explore the following.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system to determine the scope and method of emergency rescue, the data center of emergency management is no longer there, nowhere, especially through training and drills, can make the data center emergency personnel familiar with his task and role positioning, have corresponding capacity needed to complete the assigned tasks, and test plan and execute a program, evaluation of emergency workers overall coordination.
Data center infrastructure construction of the emergency response operations, help in emergency comes to emergency response in time, reduce the accident consequences, emergency action is sensitive to time request, don't allow any delay, contingency plans in advance has been clear about the emergency parties responsibilities and response procedures, such as in the emergency resources for early preparation, can guide the rapid, efficient and orderly conduct of emergency rescue, the accident caused casualties and property losses, environmental damage and outage time to a minimum.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system is the basis of data centers of various kinds of accident emergency, through the preparation of emergency plans, can for those who are unable to anticipate in advance of sudden accident basic emergency guidance effect, become the "bottom line" of emergency rescue, on this basis, can be compiled for a particular accident category special contingency plans, and targeted contingency plans, special emergency plan preparation and drills.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system, established with the unit and the department of emergency rescue system cohesion, through the preparation of emergency plans, to ensure that when the major accident happened more than the corresponding emergency ability, contact about emergency organization and coordination.
Data center infrastructure operations of the emergency response system, to improve risk prevention consciousness, emergency plan compilation, review, publishing, publicity, practice, education and training, and beneficial to all parties understand the face of major accidents and the corresponding emergency measures, is helpful to improve the risk prevention consciousness and ability.
2. Small emergency treatment.
Emergency: emergency is a condition that requires immediate action (beyond the scope of the general working procedure) to avoid accidents or mitigate the consequences of an accident.
Preplan: operational plan for crisis management.
Emergency information security: when the data center facilities are damaged, degraded, abnormal or perform important information security tasks, the information service capability can be guaranteed by emergency means.
Data center security contingency plans: for data center services security work and the operating plan ahead of time, rules for units at all levels to deal with the various or important emergency work principles, organization, emergency response and other general content, suitable for all kinds of paroxysmal or important events.
Major hazards: refers to the data center and around in the park and the long-term or temporary production, handling, use or storage of dangerous articles, data and dangerous goods equals or exceeds the critical quantity, major hazards is always key object data center operation regulation.
Grading response: in the event of a sudden or important event, the emergency response shall be divided according to the national emergency plan standard according to the principle of classification and quick response.
3. Basic principles of emergency treatment.
The following principles should be followed in the data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment:
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment shall comply with the relevant national laws and regulations and abide by the administrative laws and regulations in the area where the data center is located.
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency management should take the responsibility of social responsibility and ensure the safety and unimpeded access of information services related to people's livelihood.
The data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency treatment should be unified leadership, hierarchical command, make full use of available resources, and highlight the key points.
The information release of the data center infrastructure operation and maintenance emergency management should be timely, accurate, objective and comprehensive, and should be proactive, accurate, and avoid the information disclosure of speculation and distortion.
How can Website design be optimized for SEO programs?
Website design, every day mobile Internet users are showing explosive growth, site not only can bring huge traffic for the enterprise, but also enhance the brand awareness. But the premise is that the site needs a good rankings. So the establishment and SEO optimization is the same. Website is put forward to users, and also to search engine. From website construction, operation should be through its optimization idea. A business station needs to be planned ahead of time, from preparation to development to optimal operation. The process and results without planning are scattered, and the ultimate efficiency is low. So how can we improve the speed of the operation of the website, how can the SEO program be optimized in the process of building the station?
First, space choice
Space is the house of our website, which is also called the server. The quality and stability of the server directly affect the foundation of the website. So security, stability, is the root of the website.
Second. Use CDN to accelerate
Don't think you enter a web site to jump directly to the site so simple in the browser, in fact after you enter the website, their process is the result of local access to the application server, DNS server receives the data, four steps to return the data, while CDN is accelerating, content distribution network. The basic idea is to avoid the bottlenecks and links that may affect data transmission speed and stability on the Internet as far as possible, so that the content transmission is faster and more stable. Simple description, we often hear the word node, similar to you in the capital, access to a real server address site in Shanghai, the normal site request to go to Shanghai, and then return the data, if there is CDN, request directly in Beijing and returns the node data, directly saved thousands of kilometres, greatly improve the access speed.
Third. Optimization of website program
The optimization of the website program can be divided into three steps, and the specific methods are as follows:
1, open GZIP compression.
To do this, the host of the web site is very important, and we should try to choose a good host as far as possible. If it is to build a self-help Station, we will try to choose a platform which is more professional and more talented. The general host supports the GZip compression function. We need to make good use of the host to provide our function, open compression can improve the site access speed, you can search the reference documentation for specific steps of steps to complete (expected 10 minutes), remember to check whether successfully opened after the completion of compression in the webmaster tools.
2. Using caching technology
This is mainly for WordPress users and other non static CMS, and you can ignore this item if you build yourself by self-help. This item is mainly aimed at WordPress and its use of caching technology to greatly improve the efficiency of page acceleration.
3, reduce the bloated code
Just like people need to lose weight, our website program is too bloated and unhealthy, which is not appreciated by search engines. For program templates, we should reduce the number of calls to JS, reduce the number of CSS, delete the irrelevant HTML code, and reduce the number of pictures. If you don't know it doesn't matter, you can see if there is a word "doing a good SEO optimization" when you choose the template.
First, space choice
Space is the house of our website, which is also called the server. The quality and stability of the server directly affect the foundation of the website. So security, stability, is the root of the website.
Second. Use CDN to accelerate
Don't think you enter a web site to jump directly to the site so simple in the browser, in fact after you enter the website, their process is the result of local access to the application server, DNS server receives the data, four steps to return the data, while CDN is accelerating, content distribution network. The basic idea is to avoid the bottlenecks and links that may affect data transmission speed and stability on the Internet as far as possible, so that the content transmission is faster and more stable. Simple description, we often hear the word node, similar to you in the capital, access to a real server address site in Shanghai, the normal site request to go to Shanghai, and then return the data, if there is CDN, request directly in Beijing and returns the node data, directly saved thousands of kilometres, greatly improve the access speed.
Third. Optimization of website program
The optimization of the website program can be divided into three steps, and the specific methods are as follows:
1, open GZIP compression.
To do this, the host of the web site is very important, and we should try to choose a good host as far as possible. If it is to build a self-help Station, we will try to choose a platform which is more professional and more talented. The general host supports the GZip compression function. We need to make good use of the host to provide our function, open compression can improve the site access speed, you can search the reference documentation for specific steps of steps to complete (expected 10 minutes), remember to check whether successfully opened after the completion of compression in the webmaster tools.
2. Using caching technology
This is mainly for WordPress users and other non static CMS, and you can ignore this item if you build yourself by self-help. This item is mainly aimed at WordPress and its use of caching technology to greatly improve the efficiency of page acceleration.
3, reduce the bloated code
Just like people need to lose weight, our website program is too bloated and unhealthy, which is not appreciated by search engines. For program templates, we should reduce the number of calls to JS, reduce the number of CSS, delete the irrelevant HTML code, and reduce the number of pictures. If you don't know it doesn't matter, you can see if there is a word "doing a good SEO optimization" when you choose the template.
2018年1月29日 星期一
光纖系統,如何確保您的服務器完全容錯
光纖系統,要確保您的服務器始終處於正常的運行時間內,無論香港服務器還是重慶服務器,您都需要確認一個問題:您的服務器容錯如何?如果系統的一部分停止工作,您的在線業務是否能夠依然保持正常運行?硬件故障和軟件故障可以快速檢測並處理嗎?如果您的網站、應用程序或網絡系統沒有適當的容錯機制,那麼一旦系統中的一個組件停止工作,那麼您的業務可能立即崩潰。
但是,構建一個真正容錯的系統是一個重大的挑戰,特別是您的應用程序基礎架構足夠複雜的情況下。那麼您需要做好哪些工作?如何確保您的服務器完全容錯呢?如何確保您的服務器及其託管的網絡精準快速地處理危機情況呢?知了云爲您簡單介紹。
首先,您需要懂得什麼是“冗餘”以及怎樣構建冗餘系統。我們說,在應用程序設計時,一個依賴關係可能會影響整個應用程序,同樣的,在服務器和託管基礎設施中,任何一個細節的故障點都可能導致您的服務器停止工作。這意味着,當您設置和維護服務器時,您需要仔細分析每一個應用程序、硬件和網絡節點,任何一個環節的故障,都可能會使您的系統脫機。您需要確保這種情況不會發生。
如何確保您的服務器完全容錯
一、冗餘的電源供應
您需要確保您擁有冗餘的電源供應,包括企業級不間斷電源、定期檢測的備用發電機等。儘管停電可能只會偶爾發生,但是數據中心如果沒有冗餘電力,這可能導致您的香港服務器/重慶服務器因短時間類電力難以恢復而導致您的業務持續中斷。因此選擇數據中心很重要,精心設計的電力系統會解決本地電源故障、電壓變化以及短期和長期停電問題。
二、服務器硬件冗餘
硬件非常重要。無論香港服務器租用還是重慶服務器租用,服務器硬件和網絡硬件都應該是以冗餘的方式構建。如果您選擇的服務商和數據中心足夠負責,這些設施都應具備。其中,香港服務器租用,通常都接入多條國際線路,以BGP智能切換最佳路由,保障網絡冗餘,順便一提,知了雲香港服務器租用,已接入中國電信CN2專線直達香港,大陸訪問更快更穩定。關於服務器硬件的冗餘,一般需要客戶付費部署RAID磁盤陣列,可提供更高的數據可靠性。
三、保持軟件最新版本和補丁更新
您需要保持軟件更新,尤其是與安全相關的內容。畢竟,大量的服務中斷是由應用程序故障引起的,例如彈性負載平衡軟件故障等。而且,未及時更新版本和安全補丁,容易被黑客入侵進而導致更嚴重的損害。
四、服務器硬件故障監控
針對硬件設施提供密切的監控是不可缺少的。您應當隨時保持對服務器硬件和軟件的密切關注,並確保有一個系統可以在突發故障時即時提醒您。當然,可靠的香港服務器租用和重慶服務器租用服務商一定會部署這樣的實時監控系統。您在選擇服務器租用時應當確認服務商具備這樣的部署。
五、降低人爲操作的失誤率
在引發在線業務停滯的事件中,大多數情況不是由服務器或者數據中心引起的,而是應用程序故障、系統缺陷以及人爲錯誤操作導致的。因此,您可能需要提升服務器管理水平。
但是,構建一個真正容錯的系統是一個重大的挑戰,特別是您的應用程序基礎架構足夠複雜的情況下。那麼您需要做好哪些工作?如何確保您的服務器完全容錯呢?如何確保您的服務器及其託管的網絡精準快速地處理危機情況呢?知了云爲您簡單介紹。
首先,您需要懂得什麼是“冗餘”以及怎樣構建冗餘系統。我們說,在應用程序設計時,一個依賴關係可能會影響整個應用程序,同樣的,在服務器和託管基礎設施中,任何一個細節的故障點都可能導致您的服務器停止工作。這意味着,當您設置和維護服務器時,您需要仔細分析每一個應用程序、硬件和網絡節點,任何一個環節的故障,都可能會使您的系統脫機。您需要確保這種情況不會發生。
如何確保您的服務器完全容錯
一、冗餘的電源供應
您需要確保您擁有冗餘的電源供應,包括企業級不間斷電源、定期檢測的備用發電機等。儘管停電可能只會偶爾發生,但是數據中心如果沒有冗餘電力,這可能導致您的香港服務器/重慶服務器因短時間類電力難以恢復而導致您的業務持續中斷。因此選擇數據中心很重要,精心設計的電力系統會解決本地電源故障、電壓變化以及短期和長期停電問題。
二、服務器硬件冗餘
硬件非常重要。無論香港服務器租用還是重慶服務器租用,服務器硬件和網絡硬件都應該是以冗餘的方式構建。如果您選擇的服務商和數據中心足夠負責,這些設施都應具備。其中,香港服務器租用,通常都接入多條國際線路,以BGP智能切換最佳路由,保障網絡冗餘,順便一提,知了雲香港服務器租用,已接入中國電信CN2專線直達香港,大陸訪問更快更穩定。關於服務器硬件的冗餘,一般需要客戶付費部署RAID磁盤陣列,可提供更高的數據可靠性。
三、保持軟件最新版本和補丁更新
您需要保持軟件更新,尤其是與安全相關的內容。畢竟,大量的服務中斷是由應用程序故障引起的,例如彈性負載平衡軟件故障等。而且,未及時更新版本和安全補丁,容易被黑客入侵進而導致更嚴重的損害。
四、服務器硬件故障監控
針對硬件設施提供密切的監控是不可缺少的。您應當隨時保持對服務器硬件和軟件的密切關注,並確保有一個系統可以在突發故障時即時提醒您。當然,可靠的香港服務器租用和重慶服務器租用服務商一定會部署這樣的實時監控系統。您在選擇服務器租用時應當確認服務商具備這樣的部署。
五、降低人爲操作的失誤率
在引發在線業務停滯的事件中,大多數情況不是由服務器或者數據中心引起的,而是應用程序故障、系統缺陷以及人爲錯誤操作導致的。因此,您可能需要提升服務器管理水平。
機房建置,提升性能的小建議
機房建置,不是所有的IT設施建設項目都需要大量的預算和長期的計劃。下面這些相對便宜的升級建議能提高性能和可靠性。
IT主管總是想平衡數據中心的性能和效率,但時間和金錢是制約這兩者的因素。並不是每一個IT項目都要花費大量金錢和時間去進行的,一些快速簡單的升級能使數據中心的性能有明顯的效果,甚至可以作爲新員工培訓的起點。
一、升級服務器硬件
內存或本地磁盤升級可以使得服務器更快和容易地提升性能或容量增加。
內存是虛擬化環境中的一種受限資源。服務器很少有完整插滿整個主板的內存槽。在未使用的插槽添加內存可以改善現有虛擬機的資源緊張現狀並適應未來的虛擬化服務器的發展。
固態硬盤(SSD)是一種前瞻性的服務器本地磁盤升級。固態硬盤極大地提高磁盤I / O和擁有更低的延遲。固態硬盤可以加速性能,如果一個服務器的工作負載主要依靠磁盤緩存,並不需要更換所有的磁盤,更好的做法是添加一些SSD在服務器的本地存儲以消除性能瓶頸。
服務器固件升級是及時和免費的,但並不是所有的更新都需要升級。只有當補丁是解決你服務器某些硬件具體問題的時候才需要升級,並且要考慮操作系統的支持。檢查資產管理庫存列表中當前服務器的型號和固件版本,然後檢查服務器廠商的網站並下載更新。在更新之前,檢查升級的更新日誌,確認更新解決了什麼問題。一些外圍設備或適配器也有可能需要更新固件。
除非支持熱插拔,內存和磁盤將會有系統停機和重啓的因素。所以升級內存和磁盤最好在計劃的服務器停機時間進行升級。
升級磁盤來提高容量的花費可能不少,所以儘量把磁盤裏不必要的內容定時刪除,並把使用率較低的數據轉移到低階的儲存是一個很好的辦法。例如,臨時目錄與不需要的數據,通過清除/tmp(linux)和C:\windows\temp(windows)來節省磁盤空間。
二、優化線纜
隨着網絡帶寬開始普及10G以太網(GigE),甚至25GbigE。原有基於1GigE帶寬的CAT5和5E銅線已經無法滿足新的數據中心需求。
在一些情況下,IT管理人員往往只注意高帶寬的網絡硬件,但佈線卻沒有隨着升級。
升級並不需要一次性換下所有老化的線纜,因爲以太網布線是完全向後兼容的。在時間和金錢等條件的制約下,相對小量的更換可以換來更高的效率。在服務器上,10GigE網絡在未來都將仍是主流,所以我們要把重點放在骨幹網絡上,特別是以太網以太網的iSCSI和光纖通道存儲。例如,CAT 6電纜可以在55米距離支持10GigE的以太網,而CAT 6A和CAT 7電纜可以支持到100米,而這些升級並不需要新的網絡適配器,交換機或其他部件。
超過40GigE帶寬的長距離傳輸需要昂貴的光纖管道及專業技能部署和整合,這需要作爲一個正式項目的投資評估。
要區分新老雙絞線電纜最好通過彩色膠套或另外的標籤來區分,必須清楚地標記線纜或標籤接線板。
三、增加各種監控設施
數據中心的基礎設施管理(DCIM)工具用於監控各種設施的電氣性能和環境溫度等等。
DCIM需要大量傳感器放置在數據中心。這些工具可能會觸發預定的容災事件自動響應,如服務器過熱發出警報,水冷設備迴路泄漏。所以應該填補缺少的傳感器。
從下面列舉的傳感器,你可以看看缺少了什麼?
•機櫃/機架溫度監控傳感器
•用於監控空氣乾燥/冷凝水平的傳感器
•水冷設備所需的水分(液體)傳感器
•店裏試試監控和跟蹤的傳感器
•確保風扇和過濾器正常運行的空氣流量傳感器
•用於動態監控、發現非法進入者會發出警報的傳感器和監控設備
•防止火災的煙霧傳感器
•硬件設施可使用電子標籤作爲資產登記
在數據中心的費用預算裏,監控往往是最後增加的預算而被縮減,所以數據中心的傳感器和監控很有改進的餘地。
新型傳感器可以進行快速、無損的安裝,讓增量成本保持最小和時間效率變得更高。
四、提高數據安全性
操作系統和應用程序的安全更新對於管理員來說已經不陌生,但有時候這種低級重複性的任務會使得數據中心的其他任務因此而延期,如日常消防和其他更復雜的項目。
定時檢查每個服務器系統的漏洞報告和最新補丁,假如有自動化工具就更簡單,如WSUS服務器可以對整個網絡裏的Windows服務器進行自動補丁推送。
虛擬化平臺底層的更新,例如當虛擬機遷移到VMware vSphere 6可能會因爲測試而延遲。這時需要檢查硬件和軟件虛擬化服務器,以驗證他們是否支持新的需求,並完成測試環境的測試,這樣才能無縫遷移到生產環境。另一種簡單的方法是更新虛擬機服務器的VMware工具至當前的ESXi版本。
還有一些其他的安全增強功能:檢查並修復文件權限,重置Active Directory老用戶或不準確的記錄等。這些動作對正在運行的服務構成的風險很小。
五、檢查和改進流程
現代的數據中心通過概念推動進程。執行策略和程序以減少誤差,無論是誰執行工作都可以保持結果的一致性。隨着越來越多的IT部門開始使用基於腳本的自動化工具(如PowerShell)來處理複雜的工作流,工作流程的實際步驟會變得容易被遺忘。
進行消防演練來驗證現有基礎設施的容災。這時災難恢復(DR)和可恢復系統尤爲重要,如服務器集羣系統。測試服務器故障轉移集羣的功能可以在主備服務器之間進行測試切換。
在數據中心,週末進行定期維護可能是一個很好的時間段,可以用來測試備用數據的正常,因爲在日常的工作時間,許多數據中心不允許有中斷時間。在故障來臨之前將容災測試工作做好是非常重要的。
IT主管總是想平衡數據中心的性能和效率,但時間和金錢是制約這兩者的因素。並不是每一個IT項目都要花費大量金錢和時間去進行的,一些快速簡單的升級能使數據中心的性能有明顯的效果,甚至可以作爲新員工培訓的起點。
一、升級服務器硬件
內存或本地磁盤升級可以使得服務器更快和容易地提升性能或容量增加。
內存是虛擬化環境中的一種受限資源。服務器很少有完整插滿整個主板的內存槽。在未使用的插槽添加內存可以改善現有虛擬機的資源緊張現狀並適應未來的虛擬化服務器的發展。
固態硬盤(SSD)是一種前瞻性的服務器本地磁盤升級。固態硬盤極大地提高磁盤I / O和擁有更低的延遲。固態硬盤可以加速性能,如果一個服務器的工作負載主要依靠磁盤緩存,並不需要更換所有的磁盤,更好的做法是添加一些SSD在服務器的本地存儲以消除性能瓶頸。
服務器固件升級是及時和免費的,但並不是所有的更新都需要升級。只有當補丁是解決你服務器某些硬件具體問題的時候才需要升級,並且要考慮操作系統的支持。檢查資產管理庫存列表中當前服務器的型號和固件版本,然後檢查服務器廠商的網站並下載更新。在更新之前,檢查升級的更新日誌,確認更新解決了什麼問題。一些外圍設備或適配器也有可能需要更新固件。
除非支持熱插拔,內存和磁盤將會有系統停機和重啓的因素。所以升級內存和磁盤最好在計劃的服務器停機時間進行升級。
升級磁盤來提高容量的花費可能不少,所以儘量把磁盤裏不必要的內容定時刪除,並把使用率較低的數據轉移到低階的儲存是一個很好的辦法。例如,臨時目錄與不需要的數據,通過清除/tmp(linux)和C:\windows\temp(windows)來節省磁盤空間。
二、優化線纜
隨着網絡帶寬開始普及10G以太網(GigE),甚至25GbigE。原有基於1GigE帶寬的CAT5和5E銅線已經無法滿足新的數據中心需求。
在一些情況下,IT管理人員往往只注意高帶寬的網絡硬件,但佈線卻沒有隨着升級。
升級並不需要一次性換下所有老化的線纜,因爲以太網布線是完全向後兼容的。在時間和金錢等條件的制約下,相對小量的更換可以換來更高的效率。在服務器上,10GigE網絡在未來都將仍是主流,所以我們要把重點放在骨幹網絡上,特別是以太網以太網的iSCSI和光纖通道存儲。例如,CAT 6電纜可以在55米距離支持10GigE的以太網,而CAT 6A和CAT 7電纜可以支持到100米,而這些升級並不需要新的網絡適配器,交換機或其他部件。
超過40GigE帶寬的長距離傳輸需要昂貴的光纖管道及專業技能部署和整合,這需要作爲一個正式項目的投資評估。
要區分新老雙絞線電纜最好通過彩色膠套或另外的標籤來區分,必須清楚地標記線纜或標籤接線板。
三、增加各種監控設施
數據中心的基礎設施管理(DCIM)工具用於監控各種設施的電氣性能和環境溫度等等。
DCIM需要大量傳感器放置在數據中心。這些工具可能會觸發預定的容災事件自動響應,如服務器過熱發出警報,水冷設備迴路泄漏。所以應該填補缺少的傳感器。
從下面列舉的傳感器,你可以看看缺少了什麼?
•機櫃/機架溫度監控傳感器
•用於監控空氣乾燥/冷凝水平的傳感器
•水冷設備所需的水分(液體)傳感器
•店裏試試監控和跟蹤的傳感器
•確保風扇和過濾器正常運行的空氣流量傳感器
•用於動態監控、發現非法進入者會發出警報的傳感器和監控設備
•防止火災的煙霧傳感器
•硬件設施可使用電子標籤作爲資產登記
在數據中心的費用預算裏,監控往往是最後增加的預算而被縮減,所以數據中心的傳感器和監控很有改進的餘地。
新型傳感器可以進行快速、無損的安裝,讓增量成本保持最小和時間效率變得更高。
四、提高數據安全性
操作系統和應用程序的安全更新對於管理員來說已經不陌生,但有時候這種低級重複性的任務會使得數據中心的其他任務因此而延期,如日常消防和其他更復雜的項目。
定時檢查每個服務器系統的漏洞報告和最新補丁,假如有自動化工具就更簡單,如WSUS服務器可以對整個網絡裏的Windows服務器進行自動補丁推送。
虛擬化平臺底層的更新,例如當虛擬機遷移到VMware vSphere 6可能會因爲測試而延遲。這時需要檢查硬件和軟件虛擬化服務器,以驗證他們是否支持新的需求,並完成測試環境的測試,這樣才能無縫遷移到生產環境。另一種簡單的方法是更新虛擬機服務器的VMware工具至當前的ESXi版本。
還有一些其他的安全增強功能:檢查並修復文件權限,重置Active Directory老用戶或不準確的記錄等。這些動作對正在運行的服務構成的風險很小。
五、檢查和改進流程
現代的數據中心通過概念推動進程。執行策略和程序以減少誤差,無論是誰執行工作都可以保持結果的一致性。隨着越來越多的IT部門開始使用基於腳本的自動化工具(如PowerShell)來處理複雜的工作流,工作流程的實際步驟會變得容易被遺忘。
進行消防演練來驗證現有基礎設施的容災。這時災難恢復(DR)和可恢復系統尤爲重要,如服務器集羣系統。測試服務器故障轉移集羣的功能可以在主備服務器之間進行測試切換。
在數據中心,週末進行定期維護可能是一個很好的時間段,可以用來測試備用數據的正常,因爲在日常的工作時間,許多數據中心不允許有中斷時間。在故障來臨之前將容災測試工作做好是非常重要的。
Data center migration and problems to be considered in scale construction
Data center migration, before the data center is designed, we must consider the size of the data center. The size of the construction scale of the data center is closely related to the current investment costs and the future operation and maintenance costs.
The following questions should be taken into account to determine the scale of the construction of the data center:
1., the current business needs and expansion needs in the future period. According to the operation experience of most enterprises, at least, the data center has to be expanded in the next five years.
2. the economic scale of the enterprise is fully considered, that is, whether the project input and the expected output ratio are in the optimal state, and whether the use of resources and funds is efficient. We can adopt the first time basic construction and the strategy of step by step in the later period.
3., determine the feasibility of the proposed scale, and focus on whether the resource condition meets the requirements of the proposed scale, including site space, energy supply and project funding status.
4. give full consideration to the current situation, development trend and industry characteristics of the industry in which the enterprise is located.
5. on the premise of maintaining the availability and reliability of the project, the effective utilization of the original equipment and facilities should be fully considered.
After taking the above factors into consideration, the number of the frame of the future data center is estimated at first, and the area demand of the machine room is preliminarily determined. At the same time, according to the power density and redundancy level of the future data center, we can make reasonable prediction for the distribution facilities and the area of the air conditioning that it needs to provide, and finally we can determine the scale of the data center.
The following questions should be taken into account to determine the scale of the construction of the data center:
1., the current business needs and expansion needs in the future period. According to the operation experience of most enterprises, at least, the data center has to be expanded in the next five years.
2. the economic scale of the enterprise is fully considered, that is, whether the project input and the expected output ratio are in the optimal state, and whether the use of resources and funds is efficient. We can adopt the first time basic construction and the strategy of step by step in the later period.
3., determine the feasibility of the proposed scale, and focus on whether the resource condition meets the requirements of the proposed scale, including site space, energy supply and project funding status.
4. give full consideration to the current situation, development trend and industry characteristics of the industry in which the enterprise is located.
5. on the premise of maintaining the availability and reliability of the project, the effective utilization of the original equipment and facilities should be fully considered.
After taking the above factors into consideration, the number of the frame of the future data center is estimated at first, and the area demand of the machine room is preliminarily determined. At the same time, according to the power density and redundancy level of the future data center, we can make reasonable prediction for the distribution facilities and the area of the air conditioning that it needs to provide, and finally we can determine the scale of the data center.
How to write an effective website design scheme
Writing website design advice is boring.No doubt, but they are necessary evil.Before the final blow, our client is showing signs of the dotted line.We need to make sure that all of our bases cover, our projects, as usual, a professional image.
Do you plan to use the word to create your site's recommendations, type a software name, or use an online service to help you, and, importantly, you know what you're doing.
Your company information
This is for your company.Include your contact information in a concise, low-key manner.This can be placed on the footer if you like, but I also suggest you put it all on the front page.Make sure your proposal is made up of a specific person, with a name.The proposal for "marketing" is more of a proposal than a proposal.
Project overview: research clients.
Your customers' hopes and dreams.What do your customers expect from this site, and what are their goals and objectives?Here, we let the client know we understand what they need and where they want to go.This is a short paragraph setting scene.
Customer's problem
Usually a client comes to you with a problem.Whether the problem is a lack of a website, or their landing page is 90% jump.We need to identify their problems and solve them.Here we list all the problems our customers are facing.Explain to them that they can find your killer to solve the following list.Short and sweet.
The design of the website is out of date.
The contact form is no longer valid.
The gallery is impractical to use and update.
The website is designed with tables and no CMS.
The home page's bounce rate is 90%.
And so on.
Project solution: study your solution.
All of the above negative emotions must be counterbalanced with a blinding enthusiasm and a clear solution.For example, our customers have a very old website which is an urgent need for reform...So said.
Mackintosh's clothing requires a redesign of their website.6 years old, it looks like an old school, not a good one.It needs some modern, young market...
Try a different approach.The 6-year-old website causes many problems and should be solved separately.What clothes will be redesigned for the Macintosh?Formal aesthetics, why do they update their website?Try:
The Macintosh clothes were the discovery of technology through them, and search engines.The website is no longer suitable for modern browsers today.The Macintosh clothing website was built using a table.This creates problems, search engines, and update a difficult task.Any updated system can be a long, expensive thing.Google reads the order of the web site to write HTML, so the table causes...
You can, you should spend several paragraphs summarizing your solution.It's a pain but we can't empty it.This is our previous customer research payoff.Don't forget, all this information from our project plan is not just to let us be serious.
Other considerations
Sometimes there are things that don't have to be required but they're good to mention anyway.You can even make an extra sale!For example, if you provide hosting, it's time to be polite.If you offer logo design, it's time to be polite.It's up to you, if you want to discuss pricing, or save it until the final cost estimate.
All of my clients provide maintenance plans, some need it, some don't.I let them know including and let them know that they could find my advice when the price was over.
Development schedule
How long will it take?There are a lot of consideration: research, wireframes, site map design, preliminary design, design modification, design approval, coding, CMS and configuration, testing and commissioning, customer tests, Settings, our life!
It's up to you.Some use graphics, text, but it's easy to read, don't forget to inform the client, all the time approximations.Tango is a dance between two people, and it's impossible to deliver on time if your client doesn't perform.Make sure you have this agreement/contract.
Cost estimate
Ideally, this should be in a table format for easy scanning.Clients can see each cost without digging.Let them know why they pay $3.000 and tell them what is involved.It is also convenient to add any common items, no requirements...Just put it in the box.
Customers should know that if they decide to ask for extra and then spend their x, we need to specify our pricing structure.There can be no misunderstanding.
This is also a good thing, including your pricing schedule.Most designers use a system milestone.I usually ask for 30% of the signing agreement, after preliminary design approval of another 30%, the remaining 40% will be handed over to the client.Some people ask for 50%.Feel comfortable with what.Make sure you get your savings.Any customer who refuses to pay for your service is not worth using.You can almost guarantee the problem.
You can use a graphics, illustration, or plain text to let your customers know about your payment schedule.Make sure they know how you work.After all, it's not like going to the store until you pay the product.As designers, we spend a lot of time in our projects, there are always risks, and some people will decide not to pay on time.Get it in advance and let it write.
Conditions and contracts
You call the shots here.State that you expect from your customers that they can expect from you.Until recently including your work agreement (contract) proposal.If the customer is satisfied with everything, they can sign and complete the transfer one day, and you can start.Before, I'm going to send a proposal, wait, and then get the work agreement.In this way, I save time and a stone to kill two birds.
Writing a contract for another article can be a bit painful, but it's your only backup, so make sure you're airtight.
What's next?
Make sure your client knows what happens next.What should they do if they agree to the proposal?Do they need to sign a print and email back to you, or just respond to an email?Let them know.Don't let them guess.
Finally, I suggest that even spell check your advice.Find someone to read it.It's very rare, if it doesn't slip through the network.
How do you create your advice? What do you have?Everyone has his or her own preferred method.If you have any thoughts directly below the comments or comments.
Do you plan to use the word to create your site's recommendations, type a software name, or use an online service to help you, and, importantly, you know what you're doing.
Your company information
This is for your company.Include your contact information in a concise, low-key manner.This can be placed on the footer if you like, but I also suggest you put it all on the front page.Make sure your proposal is made up of a specific person, with a name.The proposal for "marketing" is more of a proposal than a proposal.
Project overview: research clients.
Your customers' hopes and dreams.What do your customers expect from this site, and what are their goals and objectives?Here, we let the client know we understand what they need and where they want to go.This is a short paragraph setting scene.
Customer's problem
Usually a client comes to you with a problem.Whether the problem is a lack of a website, or their landing page is 90% jump.We need to identify their problems and solve them.Here we list all the problems our customers are facing.Explain to them that they can find your killer to solve the following list.Short and sweet.
The design of the website is out of date.
The contact form is no longer valid.
The gallery is impractical to use and update.
The website is designed with tables and no CMS.
The home page's bounce rate is 90%.
And so on.
Project solution: study your solution.
All of the above negative emotions must be counterbalanced with a blinding enthusiasm and a clear solution.For example, our customers have a very old website which is an urgent need for reform...So said.
Mackintosh's clothing requires a redesign of their website.6 years old, it looks like an old school, not a good one.It needs some modern, young market...
Try a different approach.The 6-year-old website causes many problems and should be solved separately.What clothes will be redesigned for the Macintosh?Formal aesthetics, why do they update their website?Try:
The Macintosh clothes were the discovery of technology through them, and search engines.The website is no longer suitable for modern browsers today.The Macintosh clothing website was built using a table.This creates problems, search engines, and update a difficult task.Any updated system can be a long, expensive thing.Google reads the order of the web site to write HTML, so the table causes...
You can, you should spend several paragraphs summarizing your solution.It's a pain but we can't empty it.This is our previous customer research payoff.Don't forget, all this information from our project plan is not just to let us be serious.
Other considerations
Sometimes there are things that don't have to be required but they're good to mention anyway.You can even make an extra sale!For example, if you provide hosting, it's time to be polite.If you offer logo design, it's time to be polite.It's up to you, if you want to discuss pricing, or save it until the final cost estimate.
All of my clients provide maintenance plans, some need it, some don't.I let them know including and let them know that they could find my advice when the price was over.
Development schedule
How long will it take?There are a lot of consideration: research, wireframes, site map design, preliminary design, design modification, design approval, coding, CMS and configuration, testing and commissioning, customer tests, Settings, our life!
It's up to you.Some use graphics, text, but it's easy to read, don't forget to inform the client, all the time approximations.Tango is a dance between two people, and it's impossible to deliver on time if your client doesn't perform.Make sure you have this agreement/contract.
Cost estimate
Ideally, this should be in a table format for easy scanning.Clients can see each cost without digging.Let them know why they pay $3.000 and tell them what is involved.It is also convenient to add any common items, no requirements...Just put it in the box.
Customers should know that if they decide to ask for extra and then spend their x, we need to specify our pricing structure.There can be no misunderstanding.
This is also a good thing, including your pricing schedule.Most designers use a system milestone.I usually ask for 30% of the signing agreement, after preliminary design approval of another 30%, the remaining 40% will be handed over to the client.Some people ask for 50%.Feel comfortable with what.Make sure you get your savings.Any customer who refuses to pay for your service is not worth using.You can almost guarantee the problem.
You can use a graphics, illustration, or plain text to let your customers know about your payment schedule.Make sure they know how you work.After all, it's not like going to the store until you pay the product.As designers, we spend a lot of time in our projects, there are always risks, and some people will decide not to pay on time.Get it in advance and let it write.
Conditions and contracts
You call the shots here.State that you expect from your customers that they can expect from you.Until recently including your work agreement (contract) proposal.If the customer is satisfied with everything, they can sign and complete the transfer one day, and you can start.Before, I'm going to send a proposal, wait, and then get the work agreement.In this way, I save time and a stone to kill two birds.
Writing a contract for another article can be a bit painful, but it's your only backup, so make sure you're airtight.
What's next?
Make sure your client knows what happens next.What should they do if they agree to the proposal?Do they need to sign a print and email back to you, or just respond to an email?Let them know.Don't let them guess.
Finally, I suggest that even spell check your advice.Find someone to read it.It's very rare, if it doesn't slip through the network.
How do you create your advice? What do you have?Everyone has his or her own preferred method.If you have any thoughts directly below the comments or comments.
2018年1月28日 星期日
網絡佈線成爲面向未來數據中心基礎設施的關鍵因素
網絡佈線,對於數據中心運營商而言,建設滿足未來需求的基礎設施非常關鍵。下面將從三個方面來分析面向未來數據中心的基礎設施中,爲什麼需要更先進的規模化光纖佈線設施來實現更高容量。
數據中心網絡架構的轉變
物聯網(IoT)對網絡基礎設施方面產生了前所未有的巨大需求。數據中心在高效儲存和處理數據,以及提供實時服務方面比以往面臨更多的壓力。物聯網的帶寬需求是多方面的,包含了低帶寬到高帶寬的應用—比如說,通過手機預訂Uber車輛需求帶寬較低但需要快速響應,而利用人工智能(AI)進行面部識別則需要高強度的計算和存儲能力。
在上面兩個例子包含了實現物聯網服務模式最重要的因素:數據中心接收數據並處理後回傳數據,要求數據中心不僅能快速訪問數據,而且能處理大量數據,而這需要通過優化網絡的物理層架構來實現。
由此可見,數據中心採用先進的葉-脊兩層架構變得尤爲重要。當訪問不同的服務器數據時,葉脊架構可以大大降低延遲(即東西向的流量),因爲它實現了同一交換層中數據的高效流動。更重要的是這是一個可擴展的架構,數據中心運營商可以實現分期投資,在需要時能快速擴展容量。
5G速度和時延需求
物聯網帶給網絡的挑戰帶來了數據中心架構的變化。而用戶另一個最感興趣的話題是5G,數據中心服務大量用戶時 (如自動駕駛汽車,智能冰箱等) 將面臨巨大挑戰 (網絡的容量和延遲變得更加重要)。數據中心將如何針對支持物聯網和重要應用的5G網絡進行優化?
數據中心需要優化網絡來滿足物聯網應用程序的需求。在物聯網應用繁忙區域周圍建立數據中心將有助於加快數據的傳輸,但受現實中各種條件的限制,這種方案很多時候難以實現。5G標準規定了無線接入網的時延將降低10 倍,來滿足關鍵應用的需要,這增加了數據中心在數據處理時對於時間的壓力。因此提高數據中心的計算速度不僅需要更快的交換機和更多的處理器,同時也需要支持更高的網絡傳輸速率,如40、100和400G,網絡速率的提升需要優化光纖佈線連接方案。
客戶對無縫升級的期望
數據中心需要不斷進化,達到更高的傳輸速率,幫助客戶快速得到想要的結果。更快的速度是未來任何數據中心將考慮的最重要的因素。因此數據中心的網絡佈線需要考慮滿足不斷增加的數據傳輸速率帶來的網絡容量的需求。
位於西澳大利亞坎寧谷內Pier DC是澳大利亞數據中心市場的新星,也是澳大利亞唯一Tier III的認證的數據中心,擁有強大的客戶資源。新數據中心需要網絡基礎設施實現與業務共同增長。在高速的基礎上,爲終端用戶提供可靠的連接。Pier DC採用了基於8芯的光纖解決方案,可實現長距離的數據傳輸速率,無縫升級至40、100和/或400G,Pier DC這種爲未來而準備的基礎設施支持了公司成長的需要。
隨着數據爆炸式增長,越來越多的客戶希望實現數據中心的無縫升級,因此對於數據中心而言,滿足未來容量需求至關重要重要。通過優化前期光纖佈線投資,實現數據中心運營滿足未來25年應用需求。是時候行動起來設計你的數據中心,使其既能滿足今天的需要,也能超越明天的期望。
數據中心網絡架構的轉變
物聯網(IoT)對網絡基礎設施方面產生了前所未有的巨大需求。數據中心在高效儲存和處理數據,以及提供實時服務方面比以往面臨更多的壓力。物聯網的帶寬需求是多方面的,包含了低帶寬到高帶寬的應用—比如說,通過手機預訂Uber車輛需求帶寬較低但需要快速響應,而利用人工智能(AI)進行面部識別則需要高強度的計算和存儲能力。
在上面兩個例子包含了實現物聯網服務模式最重要的因素:數據中心接收數據並處理後回傳數據,要求數據中心不僅能快速訪問數據,而且能處理大量數據,而這需要通過優化網絡的物理層架構來實現。
由此可見,數據中心採用先進的葉-脊兩層架構變得尤爲重要。當訪問不同的服務器數據時,葉脊架構可以大大降低延遲(即東西向的流量),因爲它實現了同一交換層中數據的高效流動。更重要的是這是一個可擴展的架構,數據中心運營商可以實現分期投資,在需要時能快速擴展容量。
5G速度和時延需求
物聯網帶給網絡的挑戰帶來了數據中心架構的變化。而用戶另一個最感興趣的話題是5G,數據中心服務大量用戶時 (如自動駕駛汽車,智能冰箱等) 將面臨巨大挑戰 (網絡的容量和延遲變得更加重要)。數據中心將如何針對支持物聯網和重要應用的5G網絡進行優化?
數據中心需要優化網絡來滿足物聯網應用程序的需求。在物聯網應用繁忙區域周圍建立數據中心將有助於加快數據的傳輸,但受現實中各種條件的限制,這種方案很多時候難以實現。5G標準規定了無線接入網的時延將降低10 倍,來滿足關鍵應用的需要,這增加了數據中心在數據處理時對於時間的壓力。因此提高數據中心的計算速度不僅需要更快的交換機和更多的處理器,同時也需要支持更高的網絡傳輸速率,如40、100和400G,網絡速率的提升需要優化光纖佈線連接方案。
客戶對無縫升級的期望
數據中心需要不斷進化,達到更高的傳輸速率,幫助客戶快速得到想要的結果。更快的速度是未來任何數據中心將考慮的最重要的因素。因此數據中心的網絡佈線需要考慮滿足不斷增加的數據傳輸速率帶來的網絡容量的需求。
位於西澳大利亞坎寧谷內Pier DC是澳大利亞數據中心市場的新星,也是澳大利亞唯一Tier III的認證的數據中心,擁有強大的客戶資源。新數據中心需要網絡基礎設施實現與業務共同增長。在高速的基礎上,爲終端用戶提供可靠的連接。Pier DC採用了基於8芯的光纖解決方案,可實現長距離的數據傳輸速率,無縫升級至40、100和/或400G,Pier DC這種爲未來而準備的基礎設施支持了公司成長的需要。
隨着數據爆炸式增長,越來越多的客戶希望實現數據中心的無縫升級,因此對於數據中心而言,滿足未來容量需求至關重要重要。通過優化前期光纖佈線投資,實現數據中心運營滿足未來25年應用需求。是時候行動起來設計你的數據中心,使其既能滿足今天的需要,也能超越明天的期望。
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房,屏蔽機房建置標準是什麼?
機房建置,互聯網已經成爲人們日常生活中必不可少的一部分,越來越多的人利用網絡進行溝通、工作甚至購物。隨着計算機系統網絡建設遍佈各個角落,但是系統安全問題也提到議事日程上來,計算機房的屏蔽設備就是保證系統安全要求解決的問題之一,機房建設其安全性和保密性顯得尤爲重要。到底怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房?屏蔽機房標準及作用又是什麼呢?本文爲你一一解答!
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房,屏蔽機房建設標準是什麼?
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房?
有保密要求的數據機房需要建設屏蔽機房,確保數據在處理過程中,其信號不泄漏,從而滿足數據保密的要求,有強電磁干擾設備的機房應進行相應的電磁屏蔽處理,以避免干擾臨近機房設備的正常運行。
很多單位數據信息及其重要的需要嚴防電子信號泄漏從而威脅到機密信息的安全,特別是對涉及國家祕密或企業對商業信息有保密要求的電子信息系統,如國家機關、軍隊、公安、銀行、鐵路等單位需要建立機房建設必須是屏蔽的。通過屏蔽機房的建設,爲數據信息提供安全保障。
爲了降低信息化建設的風險,提高服務水平,改善服務質量,適當提高機房建設標準非常必要!屏蔽機房的性能指標應依據國家相關標準執行。
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房,屏蔽機房建設標準是什麼?2
屏蔽機房建設標準
屏蔽機房在可靠接地的情況下,可以將外接的電磁干擾阻隔在外,把內部的設備產生的電磁波阻隔在內,這樣能夠有效屏蔽對人體和機械運轉有壞處的電磁干擾和輻射。那麼,屏蔽機房建設標準有哪些呢?
屏蔽機房建設標準是按照國家有關標準和規定及用戶提出的要求,來進行對屏蔽機房建設設計的,主要有以下標準:
1、先進性:集中本公司優秀的設計力量,對該項目做到充分認證,精心設計,精心選購,精心施工,從而確保該工程中每一項目爲當前一流、適度超前、使該機房系統能長期高效運行。
2、可靠性:採用質地優良的材料、性能優越的設備及規範的施工工藝技術,特別是充分考慮機房系統工程抗干擾性和在意外情況下的快速補充性,保證各個環節都安全可靠。
3、標準性:嚴格按國標《計算站場地技術條件》的有關標準設計,圖紙文件規範安全,採用國標通用的符號、標記,力求通用性、可調整性、維修便利,並具有詳細的文檔資料。
4、實用性:實施後的機房分區合理,工藝流程最簡;系統分配周到、全面、方便、靈活,根據各功能區的要求不同選擇不同等級的材料,在充分考慮機房系統功能完善的基礎上,使其性價比達到最優。
5、擴充性:本系統不僅能支持現有的系統,還應在空間佈局、系統電網容量、端口等方面尚有充分的擴展餘地,便於系統進一步開發以及適應未來系統更新換代。
屏蔽機房的建設需要遵循哪些環境要求?
首先,屏蔽機房的選址要科學、合理,應遠離無線電干擾源和強電力源,遠離震源和污染源。按建設方的工作性質,依據屏蔽機房建設標準及工藝流程,要充分考慮功能間區劃的科學性,使網絡線搭接及電源配電線的路由最近,二者之間的走線要符合佈線的安全距離,並採取相應的屏蔽措施。
強電的電源佈線應儘量靠近主機房的負荷中心,平面佈置要便於工作人員操作及管理,空調的氣流組織要合理,以達到最好的效能。
在充分考慮以上問題後區劃出主機房、基本工作間、第一類輔助間、第二類輔助間及第三類輔助間等明確的功能間。對屏蔽機房進行功能間分隔和裝修時,裝飾材料應選擇氣密性好、不起塵、易清潔,並在溫、溼度變化作用下不易變形的材料,耐火等級應符合現行國家標準,裝飾材料應選用非燃或難燃材料。
要考慮環保要求,工作中所用的膠、漆等物質,要滿足遊離甲醛爲了保證機器設備穩定可靠的運行,機房環境必須滿足交換機、計算機等微電子設備對溫度、溼度、潔淨度、電磁場強度、屏蔽、防漏、電源質量、振動、防雷、接地和安全保衛等方面的要求,同時還必須滿足機房工作人員的衛生環境要求和對外的形象要求,機房的建設應具有節能、環保等超前意識。
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房,屏蔽機房建設標準是什麼?
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房?
有保密要求的數據機房需要建設屏蔽機房,確保數據在處理過程中,其信號不泄漏,從而滿足數據保密的要求,有強電磁干擾設備的機房應進行相應的電磁屏蔽處理,以避免干擾臨近機房設備的正常運行。
很多單位數據信息及其重要的需要嚴防電子信號泄漏從而威脅到機密信息的安全,特別是對涉及國家祕密或企業對商業信息有保密要求的電子信息系統,如國家機關、軍隊、公安、銀行、鐵路等單位需要建立機房建設必須是屏蔽的。通過屏蔽機房的建設,爲數據信息提供安全保障。
爲了降低信息化建設的風險,提高服務水平,改善服務質量,適當提高機房建設標準非常必要!屏蔽機房的性能指標應依據國家相關標準執行。
怎麼樣條件需要做屏蔽機房,屏蔽機房建設標準是什麼?2
屏蔽機房建設標準
屏蔽機房在可靠接地的情況下,可以將外接的電磁干擾阻隔在外,把內部的設備產生的電磁波阻隔在內,這樣能夠有效屏蔽對人體和機械運轉有壞處的電磁干擾和輻射。那麼,屏蔽機房建設標準有哪些呢?
屏蔽機房建設標準是按照國家有關標準和規定及用戶提出的要求,來進行對屏蔽機房建設設計的,主要有以下標準:
1、先進性:集中本公司優秀的設計力量,對該項目做到充分認證,精心設計,精心選購,精心施工,從而確保該工程中每一項目爲當前一流、適度超前、使該機房系統能長期高效運行。
2、可靠性:採用質地優良的材料、性能優越的設備及規範的施工工藝技術,特別是充分考慮機房系統工程抗干擾性和在意外情況下的快速補充性,保證各個環節都安全可靠。
3、標準性:嚴格按國標《計算站場地技術條件》的有關標準設計,圖紙文件規範安全,採用國標通用的符號、標記,力求通用性、可調整性、維修便利,並具有詳細的文檔資料。
4、實用性:實施後的機房分區合理,工藝流程最簡;系統分配周到、全面、方便、靈活,根據各功能區的要求不同選擇不同等級的材料,在充分考慮機房系統功能完善的基礎上,使其性價比達到最優。
5、擴充性:本系統不僅能支持現有的系統,還應在空間佈局、系統電網容量、端口等方面尚有充分的擴展餘地,便於系統進一步開發以及適應未來系統更新換代。
屏蔽機房的建設需要遵循哪些環境要求?
首先,屏蔽機房的選址要科學、合理,應遠離無線電干擾源和強電力源,遠離震源和污染源。按建設方的工作性質,依據屏蔽機房建設標準及工藝流程,要充分考慮功能間區劃的科學性,使網絡線搭接及電源配電線的路由最近,二者之間的走線要符合佈線的安全距離,並採取相應的屏蔽措施。
強電的電源佈線應儘量靠近主機房的負荷中心,平面佈置要便於工作人員操作及管理,空調的氣流組織要合理,以達到最好的效能。
在充分考慮以上問題後區劃出主機房、基本工作間、第一類輔助間、第二類輔助間及第三類輔助間等明確的功能間。對屏蔽機房進行功能間分隔和裝修時,裝飾材料應選擇氣密性好、不起塵、易清潔,並在溫、溼度變化作用下不易變形的材料,耐火等級應符合現行國家標準,裝飾材料應選用非燃或難燃材料。
要考慮環保要求,工作中所用的膠、漆等物質,要滿足遊離甲醛爲了保證機器設備穩定可靠的運行,機房環境必須滿足交換機、計算機等微電子設備對溫度、溼度、潔淨度、電磁場強度、屏蔽、防漏、電源質量、振動、防雷、接地和安全保衛等方面的要求,同時還必須滿足機房工作人員的衛生環境要求和對外的形象要求,機房的建設應具有節能、環保等超前意識。
Data center migration, the important factor of enterprise selection
Data center migration,Choosing the right data center is one of the important decisions of the enterprise. A suitable data center selection will have an extremely significant impact on the operation of the business. U intelligence fully understands the relevant knowledge involved, and collate the following five considerations. It is believed that it can help a company to choose data center wisely.
1 reliability factors
The cost of loss in the event of an outage in a planned data center will be extremely painful. Then even a only minute interruption will make a big problem.
Therefore, Tier IV level data center is the most powerful choice, compared with Tiers I to III data center (Tier I data center is the simplest service for small business data center), Tier IV data center is also not prone to failure. If the enterprise wants to ensure 100% of the reliability and normal running time of all key resources, be sure to keep this point of view in mind when selecting the data center.
2 geographical location factors
As we all know, geographical location is the key factor in the purchase of real estate and the choice of a new home. This element also applies to the property of the data center.
Data center facilities are also important because they can provide additional security and further protect your business and important data from human or natural disasters. So the location factor is particularly important.
3 extensibility
For an enterprise, a data center may now look good, but will it be able to fully meet the business needs of your company in the coming years? You certainly hope that the selected data center can grow together with enterprises and provide different levels of flexibility to meet changing needs -- from extra space to power and even network connection.
4 network connection
Some data center facilities may be restricted to only one or several network operators. So we suggest that your enterprise find a neutral data center for an operator, which allows your enterprise to visit many network operators around the world. The operator's neutral data center allows you to connect directly to a network provider that is most suitable for your business operation.
In addition, be sure to remember that having a large and diverse data center of submarine cable network can increase network connectivity for your business and provide more kinds of available services for network providers.
5 Security
The security and accessibility of data centers are also a major factor in considering the selection of data centers. If you can, consider a data center in which the local data protection legislation is available, so that the privacy protection of the data center is guaranteed.
1 reliability factors
The cost of loss in the event of an outage in a planned data center will be extremely painful. Then even a only minute interruption will make a big problem.
Therefore, Tier IV level data center is the most powerful choice, compared with Tiers I to III data center (Tier I data center is the simplest service for small business data center), Tier IV data center is also not prone to failure. If the enterprise wants to ensure 100% of the reliability and normal running time of all key resources, be sure to keep this point of view in mind when selecting the data center.
2 geographical location factors
As we all know, geographical location is the key factor in the purchase of real estate and the choice of a new home. This element also applies to the property of the data center.
Data center facilities are also important because they can provide additional security and further protect your business and important data from human or natural disasters. So the location factor is particularly important.
3 extensibility
For an enterprise, a data center may now look good, but will it be able to fully meet the business needs of your company in the coming years? You certainly hope that the selected data center can grow together with enterprises and provide different levels of flexibility to meet changing needs -- from extra space to power and even network connection.
4 network connection
Some data center facilities may be restricted to only one or several network operators. So we suggest that your enterprise find a neutral data center for an operator, which allows your enterprise to visit many network operators around the world. The operator's neutral data center allows you to connect directly to a network provider that is most suitable for your business operation.
In addition, be sure to remember that having a large and diverse data center of submarine cable network can increase network connectivity for your business and provide more kinds of available services for network providers.
5 Security
The security and accessibility of data centers are also a major factor in considering the selection of data centers. If you can, consider a data center in which the local data protection legislation is available, so that the privacy protection of the data center is guaranteed.
How to locate the website design accurately?
Many people in of the website design when the pursuit of gorgeous page effect and ignore the concept of site location. The site must make clear its own website positioning, to tell visitors the purpose of the site, what to do. Otherwise, the location is not allowed to make the user unidentified, and the enterprise can not generate revenue through the promotion and promotion of the website. In this paper, how to locate the website design accurately?
1. Analysis of the advantages of the peers
Before the construction of the website, in addition to the inspection of the market, it is also necessary for enterprises to analyze the advantages of their peers. You can search the web site according to their own set of keywords, understand its size and understand their advantages and gaps make a more comprehensive website. These are for you to make a preliminary preparation for the target audience.
Two, understanding the advantages of its own development
Of course, business web site is to promote promotion, site positioning is very clear. And personal web site must be based on the field that you are good at. Understanding some industries can allow you to make a web site that adapts to the needs of the user.
Three. The goal of the website development
The early site must target, no target site can be like without a sail boat as erratic. The initial goal of the construction station is the direction of the development of the website, the number of the target audience, and so on.
Four. Does your technology support the implementation of the web site
The level of technology will also affect the implementation of the web site, which includes technology and money. When you first build a website, you need to set a small goal first. If you want to start a large portal website at first, it is less feasible. If you are rich like Wang Sicong, you can't do that.
1. Analysis of the advantages of the peers
Before the construction of the website, in addition to the inspection of the market, it is also necessary for enterprises to analyze the advantages of their peers. You can search the web site according to their own set of keywords, understand its size and understand their advantages and gaps make a more comprehensive website. These are for you to make a preliminary preparation for the target audience.
Two, understanding the advantages of its own development
Of course, business web site is to promote promotion, site positioning is very clear. And personal web site must be based on the field that you are good at. Understanding some industries can allow you to make a web site that adapts to the needs of the user.
Three. The goal of the website development
The early site must target, no target site can be like without a sail boat as erratic. The initial goal of the construction station is the direction of the development of the website, the number of the target audience, and so on.
Four. Does your technology support the implementation of the web site
The level of technology will also affect the implementation of the web site, which includes technology and money. When you first build a website, you need to set a small goal first. If you want to start a large portal website at first, it is less feasible. If you are rich like Wang Sicong, you can't do that.
2018年1月25日 星期四
機房地板其他地面材料與高架地板配套設施及安裝
(一)機房高架地板其他地面材料
1.亞麻地板
亞麻地板由天然材料製成,燃燒性能爲B1緣級,是真正的健康環保材料,且具良好消音效果、舒適的腳感、極佳的彈性(ARMSTONG亞麻地板獨有的軟木成分使以上性能更加突出)、耐煙燙、耐油、具有天然耐菌功能(美國國立癌症研究所己證明,亞麻籽油所含的Omega-3脂肪酸有抗癌的作用,還有天然的抗炎因子,用以外敷,可治療過敏、牛皮癖和發炎)。亞麻地板一般規格爲寬2m、長最大爲31m、厚2mm,並有33種時尚的色彩供選擇。
2.抗靜電塑膠地板
抗靜電塑膠地板是利用塑料粒子界面形成的防靜電網絡和配套的銅網接地,使體內防靜電和表面防靜電相結合,從而具有永久性防靜電功能。其規格一般爲寬1. 83m,長20m,厚度有2、2. 5、3、3.5mm可選。該產品花色品種較多,抗靜電指標也不同,系統電阻範圍爲105~108Ω。抗靜電塑膠地板用膠黏貼於地面,之間的縫隙用配套的特殊焊條焊接。不同顏色的抗靜電塑膠地板的拼接處理可取得較好的裝飾效果。
3.石材
天然石材有大理石、花崗岩,並因其天然多彩、便於清潔、美觀大方的特點而廣泛使用在辦公區域。大理石一般含有雜質,且大理石中的碳酸鈣受大氣中二氧化碳、水汽的作用,容易風化和溶蝕,使表面失去光澤,其硬度、強度、耐久性均不如花崗岩,用於牆面比地面更合適。
花崗岩抗風化性能好、耐酸'性高,磨光板表面光亮,色澤鮮明。
在機房辦公區、接待廳等的地面,使用人造大理石和人造花崗岩更爲合適。因爲機房使用石材的面積相對較少,而人造石材、地磚品種繁多、結構緊密、色澤均勻,其物理和力學性能可等於或優於天然石材,特別是元色差這一點更是天然石材所不具備的。
4.抗靜電地毯
因其吸音性好和腳感舒適,常常用於會議室,但易吸附灰塵、不易清潔,因此不適宜用於機房區。
(二)活動地板配套設施
(1)風口地板。不同廠家的活動地板,其風口形狀和尺寸不同。有些風口地板的板體本身配有長方孔或圓孔,排列圖案不盡相同,也有些另配鋁合金條形格柵鑲嵌在板體之間。風口有固定通風率,也有可調的。風口板的數量應根據風量、風速和地板的風口有效面積計算確定,擺放位置根據每個設備的熱負荷情況進行調整。
(2)走線板。走線板開口位置和尺寸一般應根據設備的要求來確定。開口位置儘量在地板邊緣,這樣檢修時不需要拔下電源線。開口邊緣應用PVC等材料封邊,以免割破電氣線纜絕緣層。地板下電氣引上線最好套金屬軟管以防鼠咬。
(3)補邊板。房間周邊或設備支架周圍都可能有不足600mm的地板需切割後封膠或封邊處理,爲保證機房地板的穩定和平整,在地板平面設計中應統籌規劃,避免出現小於300mm的補邊地板。
(4)地板吸板器。地板下管線、器件的維修等都需要將地板塊拿起來放在一邊,因此機房應配置一定數量的吸板器,吸板器有單頭、雙頭,均可滿足使用要求。
(5)地板下面空間的防塵和保溫處理。這些處理應根據環境條件要求確定。
(三)活動地板安裝
(1)活動地板的安裝應在機房內其他裝修及各系統安裝完成並對地面清潔處理後進行。
(2)活動地板下的空間作爲靜壓箱時,地板下牆、柱面及原地面應作防塵處理,不得起皮和龜裂。
(3)地板下作保溫時,保溫材料應平整、乾燥,面層應作防塵、包封處理。
(4)活動地板在安裝過程中應隨時調整水平,做到表面平整、接縫平直。
(5)空調機、配電櫃、服務器機櫃等設備機架應固定於原地面,與地板之間無連接或是彈性接觸,以免空調機設備的振動傳遞到活動地板上。
1.亞麻地板
亞麻地板由天然材料製成,燃燒性能爲B1緣級,是真正的健康環保材料,且具良好消音效果、舒適的腳感、極佳的彈性(ARMSTONG亞麻地板獨有的軟木成分使以上性能更加突出)、耐煙燙、耐油、具有天然耐菌功能(美國國立癌症研究所己證明,亞麻籽油所含的Omega-3脂肪酸有抗癌的作用,還有天然的抗炎因子,用以外敷,可治療過敏、牛皮癖和發炎)。亞麻地板一般規格爲寬2m、長最大爲31m、厚2mm,並有33種時尚的色彩供選擇。
2.抗靜電塑膠地板
抗靜電塑膠地板是利用塑料粒子界面形成的防靜電網絡和配套的銅網接地,使體內防靜電和表面防靜電相結合,從而具有永久性防靜電功能。其規格一般爲寬1. 83m,長20m,厚度有2、2. 5、3、3.5mm可選。該產品花色品種較多,抗靜電指標也不同,系統電阻範圍爲105~108Ω。抗靜電塑膠地板用膠黏貼於地面,之間的縫隙用配套的特殊焊條焊接。不同顏色的抗靜電塑膠地板的拼接處理可取得較好的裝飾效果。
3.石材
天然石材有大理石、花崗岩,並因其天然多彩、便於清潔、美觀大方的特點而廣泛使用在辦公區域。大理石一般含有雜質,且大理石中的碳酸鈣受大氣中二氧化碳、水汽的作用,容易風化和溶蝕,使表面失去光澤,其硬度、強度、耐久性均不如花崗岩,用於牆面比地面更合適。
花崗岩抗風化性能好、耐酸'性高,磨光板表面光亮,色澤鮮明。
在機房辦公區、接待廳等的地面,使用人造大理石和人造花崗岩更爲合適。因爲機房使用石材的面積相對較少,而人造石材、地磚品種繁多、結構緊密、色澤均勻,其物理和力學性能可等於或優於天然石材,特別是元色差這一點更是天然石材所不具備的。
4.抗靜電地毯
因其吸音性好和腳感舒適,常常用於會議室,但易吸附灰塵、不易清潔,因此不適宜用於機房區。
(二)活動地板配套設施
(1)風口地板。不同廠家的活動地板,其風口形狀和尺寸不同。有些風口地板的板體本身配有長方孔或圓孔,排列圖案不盡相同,也有些另配鋁合金條形格柵鑲嵌在板體之間。風口有固定通風率,也有可調的。風口板的數量應根據風量、風速和地板的風口有效面積計算確定,擺放位置根據每個設備的熱負荷情況進行調整。
(2)走線板。走線板開口位置和尺寸一般應根據設備的要求來確定。開口位置儘量在地板邊緣,這樣檢修時不需要拔下電源線。開口邊緣應用PVC等材料封邊,以免割破電氣線纜絕緣層。地板下電氣引上線最好套金屬軟管以防鼠咬。
(3)補邊板。房間周邊或設備支架周圍都可能有不足600mm的地板需切割後封膠或封邊處理,爲保證機房地板的穩定和平整,在地板平面設計中應統籌規劃,避免出現小於300mm的補邊地板。
(4)地板吸板器。地板下管線、器件的維修等都需要將地板塊拿起來放在一邊,因此機房應配置一定數量的吸板器,吸板器有單頭、雙頭,均可滿足使用要求。
(5)地板下面空間的防塵和保溫處理。這些處理應根據環境條件要求確定。
(三)活動地板安裝
(1)活動地板的安裝應在機房內其他裝修及各系統安裝完成並對地面清潔處理後進行。
(2)活動地板下的空間作爲靜壓箱時,地板下牆、柱面及原地面應作防塵處理,不得起皮和龜裂。
(3)地板下作保溫時,保溫材料應平整、乾燥,面層應作防塵、包封處理。
(4)活動地板在安裝過程中應隨時調整水平,做到表面平整、接縫平直。
(5)空調機、配電櫃、服務器機櫃等設備機架應固定於原地面,與地板之間無連接或是彈性接觸,以免空調機設備的振動傳遞到活動地板上。
如何避免機房建置中的問題
在過去幾年裏,機房建置發展很快,新建項目很多,也隨之暴露出不少問題:未能滿足企業業務需求,或者在測試驗證或TIER認證過程中才發現問題,但亡羊補牢的修復需要花費更高、更耗時。這些失誤,無論是數據中心業主還是設計者,都需要承擔一定程度的責任。
專家對大量的案例研究發現,數據中心故障、項目延期、超預算等問題,起因大都根源於建設階段,甚至項目早期的資金階段——正在確定設計目標、預算、時間進度、需求建議書和採購文件發佈、搭建建設團隊的時候。原因是各利益方的目標未能協同一致、以及承包商的表現不良、項目計劃不足和團隊溝通問題。
建造監管、計劃和預算的疏忽,意味着新建數據中心將不能滿足業主對彈性的期望值,或者需要額外時間或者預算,來解決驗證期間甚至更晚些時候暴露的愈發顯著的問題。
導致數據中心表現不佳的建設問題可以歸結如下:
- 複雜系統的整合不佳
- 缺少完整徹底的驗證,或是壓縮了驗證週期
- 設計變更
- 材料或產品的替代
這些問題出現在建設階段,驗證甚至運維階段,可能影響預算、項目進度或IT運營。這些建設問題經常發生是因爲變更管理流程不佳,項目團隊缺少經驗,項目參與者的目標不一致,或者缺少第三方驗證。
1、指定數據中心業主代表
所有利益方在項目伊始就應該認識到,業主的目標大大有別於建造者的目標。業主想要一個能夠最佳滿足成本、建設週期和所有業務需求包括數據中心可用性的數據中心。建造者想要滿足項目預算和週期要求,同時獲得一定項目利潤。數據中心可用性和運營考慮通常在建造者的考慮範圍和專業知識領域之外。
因此,當需要利用承包商在材料和人工成本、設備可用性、本地行爲準則和實踐等方面的經驗,以便節省資金和幫助業主按照既定的項目週期進行建設,而不希望影響可靠性和可用性方面的時候,由項目業主或業主代表全力主導合同語言、流程、權限,以限制承包商去變更或者破壞設計決策的能力,就勢在必行了。
業主應當指定有經驗的代表,審覈承包商的資格、經驗、人手、領導力和溝通能力。缺少經驗和報價便宜的承包商經常會出現質量控制問題和設計上的偷樑換柱。
業主或業主代表應該完成所有的項目要求,建立大家一致認同、基於運營序列和合理的、有激勵性的建造進度表,包括留有足夠的時間去做嚴格的和完整的驗證。此外,業主代表應該經常性的檢查項目進度、通知團隊成員項目進展,以確保分配給測試和驗收的時間沒有被減少。
項目經理,或承包商,要關注可能要執行序列外任務的進度表。執行序列外的任務以及返工去糾正錯誤放置的電氣服務、管道、線纜等,這些都可能導致項目進度延誤問題。
建造進度延誤不應該用放棄測試驗證來彌補滯後的時間差。在建造合同中加入多項針對延誤的懲罰條款是一個應該考慮進去的解決方案。
2、價值工程
價值工程把“價值”定義爲:“對象所具有的功能與獲得該功能的全部費用之比”,價值工程(VE)被業主廣爲接受,以減少按照完整設計建設的預期成本。價值工程的流程有其價值,但它往往把重點放在建設的第一成本。這一方法常由承包商實施,在設計者中的口碑很糟,因爲它經常傾向於變離設計初衷。然而也有其他設計者相信,對富有經驗的人來說,即使在數據中心項目裏,價值工程可以爲項目管理者節省成本,而不影響可靠性、可用性或運營。
如果價值工程在執行時沒有運營的反饋以及適當的設計評估,任何從價值工程變變更導致的初始的節省都可能會遠遠少於補救修復以達到並行的可維護性或者容錯的必需功能的工作量,此外還要增加數據中心生命週期的運營成本。
數據中心業主需要很小心從價值工程出發考慮導致的項目變更:這些變更可能或偏離項目要求或偏離設計意圖,而且如果價值工程的變更基本上改變了設計,想達到成本節省的目的也很難。因此,每個變更都應仔細觀察它對設計的影響。聘用有數據中心經驗的設計工程師或項目工程師也許可以減少建設過程中不恰當的變更的數量。即使如此,數據中心業主也要認識到不當執行的價值工程將導致設備替代或系統合併,從而影響業主希望的容錯或並行可維護性。承包商可能會用有不同容量、容錯或規範的低價設備替代原有設備,從而影響可靠性。
價值工程的變化的例子包括:
- 去掉並行的可維護性需要的閥門;
- 減少ATS數量;把設備整合到單一ATS上;
- 把熱泵和能量效率系統整合在一起,而不考慮並行的可維護性和容錯運營。
3、充足的驗證時間
導致建造延誤,有時是因爲最初的建造進度表沒有考慮進去充分的系統聯調和故障模擬測試需要的時間。建造團隊在嚴格的數據中心測試驗證方面經驗不足,是發生這類錯誤的主要因素。建造者有時也會設定最終截止期限,然後當工程滯後時,把測試驗證時間當成一種緩衝。基於上述,對業主及其代表來說,很重要的是,計劃出充分的測試驗證時間,確保承包商按時或提前完成建造。專家建議,比較妥當的做法是,測試驗證機構和總包商作爲合作伙伴早點介入,共同規劃制定項目進度。
此外,業主及其代表應該仔細觀察建造項目招標以確保招標包括如下要求所需的資金及時間:
- 場驗
- 由第三方承擔的系統聯調和故障模擬的驗證
- 假負載以模擬關鍵環境的IT滿載
- 柴油燃料測試以驗證發電機系統;
4、數據中心建造失誤案例
建造過程中幾乎任何時間都會發生一系列問題,包括招標過程中。
例如,一個業主的採購部門試圖最大程度壓低供應商的UPS價格,但是忘了訂購連接UPS的母線和其他零件。
另一個例子,一個承包商因其低價從800英里外用滑軌運輸完全組裝完成的發動機的方案而中標。當供應商威脅不能支持對這一創新做法的保修,承包商被迫承擔用更傳統的方式運輸設備的額外成本。這種情況下,業主得更明察秋毫:承包商是否會通過變更設計或用其他產品替代來補償自身的損失。
電氣母線槽的安裝問題也很常見。經驗豐富的設計者和承包商,或那些在建造階段參與的運維人員,知道那些母線槽需要定期在負載下查看連接點,以確保連接點沒有鬆開或過熱而導致電弧故障。
給關鍵支線貼標籤也非常重要,運維人員可以在出現事故時,知道如何快速應對以及關掉哪個系統。設計規範和建設團隊都會按照數據中心開發商的對設備標識系統的清晰要求來執行。相反,也有實例說明,建造者不考慮後續的維護或者關鍵基礎設施的標識,把母線槽跳接到共用的區隔,忽視了給任何一個導線貼標識。
在一些T3項目認證中,UPTIME觀察到如下製冷系統的問題:
當屋頂空調控制序列協同出錯時,RTU供應的風扇和室外空氣阻尼未能同速反應導致數據間過壓或低壓:一種情況是超壓炸倒一堆牆,一種情況是過壓或低壓導致開門或關門危險。
並行的可維護性要求特別檢驗火災檢測及滅火系統以確保任何維護修理活動不影響電力或製冷。
在一次UPTIME建造認證中,專家發現,即使當機械板完全隔離時,一個給提供穩定電壓系統的機房空調關機繼電器供電的雙路供電UPS,也給配電盤提供活躍電源,遷移這個繼電器導致全部電壓損失,全部機房空調的斷路器打開,數據機房和電力機房的關鍵製冷喪失。這個問題是對一個價值2千萬美金的數據中心的並行可維護設計在建造中進行細微變化導致的。
燃料供應系統也對建造失誤有極大影響。通常來說,發電機的柴油燃料通過過濾和控制室從儲油罐泵出來輸送到靠近發電機的日油箱,但在某個項目中,一個有經驗的數據中心開發商爲一個很小的建築空間作出一個過度複雜的設計,燃料供應商沒有正確地進行質量控制和系統搭建,測試驗證團隊也沒有嚴格確認系統建造符合設計意圖,這是最主要的失察行爲。實際上,當建造認證團隊到達現場,測試驗證團隊僅能手動測試真空管。操作這些閥門要求人員爬上和爬過管道。基於承包商的預算,很多系統被移動和重建。數據中心的擁有者不得不承擔額外的項目時間、測試驗證、整改和建造認證測試。
5、避免建造問題
一旦設計確定並符合質量政策要求,變更控制流程是建造階段管理和控制風險的基本要求。基於不同原因,很多建造者,甚至一些業主,可能不清楚與數據中心項目相關的變更控制的關鍵性。沒有項目能完全做到零差錯,但是,好的項目流程和文檔記錄分類將減少錯誤的數量和嚴重程度,有時使錯誤的發生更易修正。
專家建議數據中心的業主、開發商、承包商等所有相關人士,按照以下流程部署數據中心項目,以避免錯誤和其他問題在建造階段發生:
1) 搭建一個有廣泛的數據中心經驗的設計、建造、項目管理團隊。
必要時引進第三方專家幫助落實質量政策要求。IT羣組可能不理解進度風險或者項目的複雜性。有經驗的團隊會駁回不符合質量政策的不合理的進程安排或者價值分析建議,避免測試驗證時間壓縮,提升運營可持續性。另外,有經驗的團隊在運營和驗證方面見多識廣,這點將會對業主有莫大幫助。表面成本可能增加,但有經驗的團隊帶來更高的投資回報。
此外,運營應該成爲設計和建造團隊從一開始的一部分。把運營也納入變更管理,有機會分享和學習數據中心如何運行的關鍵信息,包括設立時間點,設備輪換,變更管理,培訓,節省庫存,這是日常運營和事件處理時非常基本的要素。
2) 第三方驗證確保數據中心業主達到設計目標
專家認爲,第三方驗證幫助改進承包商的表現。有了驗證,將激勵承包商幹得更好,這可能是因爲驗證時可能會發現建造的“缺斤短兩”並且得佔用承包商的費用整改。有了第三方驗證,迫使承包商在“曲解”合同和作出沒有經驗的項目工程師和業主代表可能發現不了的變動時,更爲謹慎。
由中立的、第三方機構做出的認證和驗證更有效果。不會受到設計方或建設方等利益方的影響。
測試驗證團隊應該關注設計和安裝是否滿足質量政策要求:如果在驗證階段沒有識別出異常事件的根源,那運營階段一定會再次發生。
第三方驗證和認證提供設計變更和價值工程的專家評審。現實中建造過程常會一團亂:現場團隊只顧盯着預算和時間管理,可能會迷失“初心”,而獨立第三方機構不受項目壓力影響,審覈採購文件中的信息邀請書、價值工程、設計變更等,幫助項目按軌道前進。
專家認爲,當發現設計出現偏差時,一個組織嚴密的建造流程,包括系統聯調和故障模擬的測試驗證,以及數據中心等級認證,將有能力盡早發現問題,以減少額外支出或整改。
進入TIER等級認證流程再去檢查設計和建造問題或者發現一個數據中心不是業主希望的在線可維護或者容錯,已經爲時甚晚或者改造代價甚高。當然,這也同時說明了第三方機構的價值:發現了存在的問題,幫助企業挽救了一個潛在的事件,避免故障發生。
專家對大量的案例研究發現,數據中心故障、項目延期、超預算等問題,起因大都根源於建設階段,甚至項目早期的資金階段——正在確定設計目標、預算、時間進度、需求建議書和採購文件發佈、搭建建設團隊的時候。原因是各利益方的目標未能協同一致、以及承包商的表現不良、項目計劃不足和團隊溝通問題。
建造監管、計劃和預算的疏忽,意味着新建數據中心將不能滿足業主對彈性的期望值,或者需要額外時間或者預算,來解決驗證期間甚至更晚些時候暴露的愈發顯著的問題。
導致數據中心表現不佳的建設問題可以歸結如下:
- 複雜系統的整合不佳
- 缺少完整徹底的驗證,或是壓縮了驗證週期
- 設計變更
- 材料或產品的替代
這些問題出現在建設階段,驗證甚至運維階段,可能影響預算、項目進度或IT運營。這些建設問題經常發生是因爲變更管理流程不佳,項目團隊缺少經驗,項目參與者的目標不一致,或者缺少第三方驗證。
1、指定數據中心業主代表
所有利益方在項目伊始就應該認識到,業主的目標大大有別於建造者的目標。業主想要一個能夠最佳滿足成本、建設週期和所有業務需求包括數據中心可用性的數據中心。建造者想要滿足項目預算和週期要求,同時獲得一定項目利潤。數據中心可用性和運營考慮通常在建造者的考慮範圍和專業知識領域之外。
因此,當需要利用承包商在材料和人工成本、設備可用性、本地行爲準則和實踐等方面的經驗,以便節省資金和幫助業主按照既定的項目週期進行建設,而不希望影響可靠性和可用性方面的時候,由項目業主或業主代表全力主導合同語言、流程、權限,以限制承包商去變更或者破壞設計決策的能力,就勢在必行了。
業主應當指定有經驗的代表,審覈承包商的資格、經驗、人手、領導力和溝通能力。缺少經驗和報價便宜的承包商經常會出現質量控制問題和設計上的偷樑換柱。
業主或業主代表應該完成所有的項目要求,建立大家一致認同、基於運營序列和合理的、有激勵性的建造進度表,包括留有足夠的時間去做嚴格的和完整的驗證。此外,業主代表應該經常性的檢查項目進度、通知團隊成員項目進展,以確保分配給測試和驗收的時間沒有被減少。
項目經理,或承包商,要關注可能要執行序列外任務的進度表。執行序列外的任務以及返工去糾正錯誤放置的電氣服務、管道、線纜等,這些都可能導致項目進度延誤問題。
建造進度延誤不應該用放棄測試驗證來彌補滯後的時間差。在建造合同中加入多項針對延誤的懲罰條款是一個應該考慮進去的解決方案。
2、價值工程
價值工程把“價值”定義爲:“對象所具有的功能與獲得該功能的全部費用之比”,價值工程(VE)被業主廣爲接受,以減少按照完整設計建設的預期成本。價值工程的流程有其價值,但它往往把重點放在建設的第一成本。這一方法常由承包商實施,在設計者中的口碑很糟,因爲它經常傾向於變離設計初衷。然而也有其他設計者相信,對富有經驗的人來說,即使在數據中心項目裏,價值工程可以爲項目管理者節省成本,而不影響可靠性、可用性或運營。
如果價值工程在執行時沒有運營的反饋以及適當的設計評估,任何從價值工程變變更導致的初始的節省都可能會遠遠少於補救修復以達到並行的可維護性或者容錯的必需功能的工作量,此外還要增加數據中心生命週期的運營成本。
數據中心業主需要很小心從價值工程出發考慮導致的項目變更:這些變更可能或偏離項目要求或偏離設計意圖,而且如果價值工程的變更基本上改變了設計,想達到成本節省的目的也很難。因此,每個變更都應仔細觀察它對設計的影響。聘用有數據中心經驗的設計工程師或項目工程師也許可以減少建設過程中不恰當的變更的數量。即使如此,數據中心業主也要認識到不當執行的價值工程將導致設備替代或系統合併,從而影響業主希望的容錯或並行可維護性。承包商可能會用有不同容量、容錯或規範的低價設備替代原有設備,從而影響可靠性。
價值工程的變化的例子包括:
- 去掉並行的可維護性需要的閥門;
- 減少ATS數量;把設備整合到單一ATS上;
- 把熱泵和能量效率系統整合在一起,而不考慮並行的可維護性和容錯運營。
3、充足的驗證時間
導致建造延誤,有時是因爲最初的建造進度表沒有考慮進去充分的系統聯調和故障模擬測試需要的時間。建造團隊在嚴格的數據中心測試驗證方面經驗不足,是發生這類錯誤的主要因素。建造者有時也會設定最終截止期限,然後當工程滯後時,把測試驗證時間當成一種緩衝。基於上述,對業主及其代表來說,很重要的是,計劃出充分的測試驗證時間,確保承包商按時或提前完成建造。專家建議,比較妥當的做法是,測試驗證機構和總包商作爲合作伙伴早點介入,共同規劃制定項目進度。
此外,業主及其代表應該仔細觀察建造項目招標以確保招標包括如下要求所需的資金及時間:
- 場驗
- 由第三方承擔的系統聯調和故障模擬的驗證
- 假負載以模擬關鍵環境的IT滿載
- 柴油燃料測試以驗證發電機系統;
4、數據中心建造失誤案例
建造過程中幾乎任何時間都會發生一系列問題,包括招標過程中。
例如,一個業主的採購部門試圖最大程度壓低供應商的UPS價格,但是忘了訂購連接UPS的母線和其他零件。
另一個例子,一個承包商因其低價從800英里外用滑軌運輸完全組裝完成的發動機的方案而中標。當供應商威脅不能支持對這一創新做法的保修,承包商被迫承擔用更傳統的方式運輸設備的額外成本。這種情況下,業主得更明察秋毫:承包商是否會通過變更設計或用其他產品替代來補償自身的損失。
電氣母線槽的安裝問題也很常見。經驗豐富的設計者和承包商,或那些在建造階段參與的運維人員,知道那些母線槽需要定期在負載下查看連接點,以確保連接點沒有鬆開或過熱而導致電弧故障。
給關鍵支線貼標籤也非常重要,運維人員可以在出現事故時,知道如何快速應對以及關掉哪個系統。設計規範和建設團隊都會按照數據中心開發商的對設備標識系統的清晰要求來執行。相反,也有實例說明,建造者不考慮後續的維護或者關鍵基礎設施的標識,把母線槽跳接到共用的區隔,忽視了給任何一個導線貼標識。
在一些T3項目認證中,UPTIME觀察到如下製冷系統的問題:
當屋頂空調控制序列協同出錯時,RTU供應的風扇和室外空氣阻尼未能同速反應導致數據間過壓或低壓:一種情況是超壓炸倒一堆牆,一種情況是過壓或低壓導致開門或關門危險。
並行的可維護性要求特別檢驗火災檢測及滅火系統以確保任何維護修理活動不影響電力或製冷。
在一次UPTIME建造認證中,專家發現,即使當機械板完全隔離時,一個給提供穩定電壓系統的機房空調關機繼電器供電的雙路供電UPS,也給配電盤提供活躍電源,遷移這個繼電器導致全部電壓損失,全部機房空調的斷路器打開,數據機房和電力機房的關鍵製冷喪失。這個問題是對一個價值2千萬美金的數據中心的並行可維護設計在建造中進行細微變化導致的。
燃料供應系統也對建造失誤有極大影響。通常來說,發電機的柴油燃料通過過濾和控制室從儲油罐泵出來輸送到靠近發電機的日油箱,但在某個項目中,一個有經驗的數據中心開發商爲一個很小的建築空間作出一個過度複雜的設計,燃料供應商沒有正確地進行質量控制和系統搭建,測試驗證團隊也沒有嚴格確認系統建造符合設計意圖,這是最主要的失察行爲。實際上,當建造認證團隊到達現場,測試驗證團隊僅能手動測試真空管。操作這些閥門要求人員爬上和爬過管道。基於承包商的預算,很多系統被移動和重建。數據中心的擁有者不得不承擔額外的項目時間、測試驗證、整改和建造認證測試。
5、避免建造問題
一旦設計確定並符合質量政策要求,變更控制流程是建造階段管理和控制風險的基本要求。基於不同原因,很多建造者,甚至一些業主,可能不清楚與數據中心項目相關的變更控制的關鍵性。沒有項目能完全做到零差錯,但是,好的項目流程和文檔記錄分類將減少錯誤的數量和嚴重程度,有時使錯誤的發生更易修正。
專家建議數據中心的業主、開發商、承包商等所有相關人士,按照以下流程部署數據中心項目,以避免錯誤和其他問題在建造階段發生:
1) 搭建一個有廣泛的數據中心經驗的設計、建造、項目管理團隊。
必要時引進第三方專家幫助落實質量政策要求。IT羣組可能不理解進度風險或者項目的複雜性。有經驗的團隊會駁回不符合質量政策的不合理的進程安排或者價值分析建議,避免測試驗證時間壓縮,提升運營可持續性。另外,有經驗的團隊在運營和驗證方面見多識廣,這點將會對業主有莫大幫助。表面成本可能增加,但有經驗的團隊帶來更高的投資回報。
此外,運營應該成爲設計和建造團隊從一開始的一部分。把運營也納入變更管理,有機會分享和學習數據中心如何運行的關鍵信息,包括設立時間點,設備輪換,變更管理,培訓,節省庫存,這是日常運營和事件處理時非常基本的要素。
2) 第三方驗證確保數據中心業主達到設計目標
專家認爲,第三方驗證幫助改進承包商的表現。有了驗證,將激勵承包商幹得更好,這可能是因爲驗證時可能會發現建造的“缺斤短兩”並且得佔用承包商的費用整改。有了第三方驗證,迫使承包商在“曲解”合同和作出沒有經驗的項目工程師和業主代表可能發現不了的變動時,更爲謹慎。
由中立的、第三方機構做出的認證和驗證更有效果。不會受到設計方或建設方等利益方的影響。
測試驗證團隊應該關注設計和安裝是否滿足質量政策要求:如果在驗證階段沒有識別出異常事件的根源,那運營階段一定會再次發生。
第三方驗證和認證提供設計變更和價值工程的專家評審。現實中建造過程常會一團亂:現場團隊只顧盯着預算和時間管理,可能會迷失“初心”,而獨立第三方機構不受項目壓力影響,審覈採購文件中的信息邀請書、價值工程、設計變更等,幫助項目按軌道前進。
專家認爲,當發現設計出現偏差時,一個組織嚴密的建造流程,包括系統聯調和故障模擬的測試驗證,以及數據中心等級認證,將有能力盡早發現問題,以減少額外支出或整改。
進入TIER等級認證流程再去檢查設計和建造問題或者發現一個數據中心不是業主希望的在線可維護或者容錯,已經爲時甚晚或者改造代價甚高。當然,這也同時說明了第三方機構的價值:發現了存在的問題,幫助企業挽救了一個潛在的事件,避免故障發生。
Key points for data center migration
Data center migration key business and server areas may be one of the most potentially disruptive changes to an organization's IT assets.Even if the migration itself goes well, the organization's chief information officer needs to quickly demonstrate measurable improvements to prove this difficult process.
Data center migration should not be intimidating.Of course, this is more difficult, and time is tight, heavy task, but if the organization is very care about the consequences of data center migration project, it is likely that this is not ready to, needs to continue to improve its planning.The old military adage also applies here: "plan and then move", and data center migration usually requires more time and resources than originally anticipated.
Using the smart migration approach for data center transformation ensures that the project succeeds in the first attempt.Here are four key points for the data center's successful migration:
Don't rely on your own guesswork.
One of the organization's worst mistakes is overestimating the knowledge of their IT infrastructure and its supporting technology applications and services.Worryingly, this is one of the most common mistakes.There is no doubt that the lack of new technology and employee turnover makes it difficult for organizations to retain data center expertise.
Although everyone has made the greatest effort in documentation and reporting, they need useful knowledge as staff retrain or leave.Even if the document does exist, it can be of poor quality and uneven quality.For example, the developer failed to record the policy changes and reindex after the new version of the application.This approach will lead to migration problems and lack of a single version of the truth data.
The answer here is careful planning.Take enough time to properly complete the initial mapping and discovery phase, as this will save time and long-term costs.
Don't exceed your abilities.
It is tempting to view the data center migration project as part of a larger upgrade process and to view and implement other major changes simultaneously.While it can theoretically save time and cost, in practice it increases the chance of project failure and crashes the rest.When you have multiple projects, consider implementing them in order and ensuring that you have enough time to migrate.
Also, a common mistake is to set unrealistic goals and complete schedules, and to proceed without knowing the impact of the time scale.This may start with a statement, such as "the data center lease expires in three months, so we must move to the new data center before it expires."This may not be a problem for a small company with only 10 to 50 servers, but for larger companies, it will take longer than three months.In addition, its complexity also affects the time scale.Balancing service delivery and migration deadlines can lead to significant conflicts when the same 10-50 servers are constrained by the flexible service level agreement (SLA) of the 24/7 income-generating data center.
Even with a sensible migration plan, it is important to provide enough manpower to ensure that deadlines are not missed and employees are not tired.Assuming that IT support and operators are both moving to the data center and continuing to perform their normal duties, this will inevitably lead to a decline in the quality of both jobs.
Make sure you buy it widely.
From the beginning, managing user expectations needs to be part of the data center migration strategy.By ensuring early migration of affected business and IT communities.This will help to align the capabilities of the new data center with business requirements, smooth transitions during this period, and support measurable ROI.
The sheer technical complexity of the data center migration is almost uncontroversial.Advocacy organizations adopt the method of whole rather than isolated, this will help the organization to reach an agreement in action, and eliminate the opposition, as early as possible in order to prevent its slow the migration of or damage to the data center.The migration of data centers to completion requires decisive force to maintain this momentum.
4. Don't assume anything as usual (BAU).
Effective governance of daily data center activities is critical to providing timely, reliable and secure services.However, it has been found that even the best client and service provider business as usual (BAU) processes cannot handle the amount of speed or change required to support a data center migration.
The change management process on the client side and the service provider side is designed to restrict access to the data center, to move and stop activities.Usually, this kind of level 1 or level 2 change operation under the most strict change management control, such as multiple change the examination and approval committee, which before the transfer date will provide a lot of the time of delivery.
Data center migration cannot be seen as a large number of minor changes: migration, escalation, or cancellation.Instead, it must use pre-agreed-upon quantities of equipment and only plan, approve, and operate at a set time.This process must be approved at the senior business owner level to avoid all business as usual (BAU) change management process overloading or delay client and service change approval.
Similarly, the request management process is designed as business as usual (BAU) for providing new devices or accessing the system and dealing with major project requirements.Nonetheless, people have seen that data center migrations overwhelm the request management process and even make it stagnate.
The way to minimize this is to group the requests and make sure the permissions are well in advance.Then, when update relevant configuration management database, can be affected by the configuration of the project details as updates to the contract schedule management approval, rather than as a labor intensive personal request.
No matter how perfect the organization's planning, even the best data center migration strategy will face unprecedented complexity.To reduce risk, a pragmatic approach called smart migration is advocated here.This ensures a thorough initial foundation work and discovery, allowing the organization to remain flexible in the face of disruption and making quick informed decisions to overcome the difficulties of implementation.The chief information officer can then be sure that they will be able to meet the needs of the evolving business.
Data center migration should not be intimidating.Of course, this is more difficult, and time is tight, heavy task, but if the organization is very care about the consequences of data center migration project, it is likely that this is not ready to, needs to continue to improve its planning.The old military adage also applies here: "plan and then move", and data center migration usually requires more time and resources than originally anticipated.
Using the smart migration approach for data center transformation ensures that the project succeeds in the first attempt.Here are four key points for the data center's successful migration:
Don't rely on your own guesswork.
One of the organization's worst mistakes is overestimating the knowledge of their IT infrastructure and its supporting technology applications and services.Worryingly, this is one of the most common mistakes.There is no doubt that the lack of new technology and employee turnover makes it difficult for organizations to retain data center expertise.
Although everyone has made the greatest effort in documentation and reporting, they need useful knowledge as staff retrain or leave.Even if the document does exist, it can be of poor quality and uneven quality.For example, the developer failed to record the policy changes and reindex after the new version of the application.This approach will lead to migration problems and lack of a single version of the truth data.
The answer here is careful planning.Take enough time to properly complete the initial mapping and discovery phase, as this will save time and long-term costs.
Don't exceed your abilities.
It is tempting to view the data center migration project as part of a larger upgrade process and to view and implement other major changes simultaneously.While it can theoretically save time and cost, in practice it increases the chance of project failure and crashes the rest.When you have multiple projects, consider implementing them in order and ensuring that you have enough time to migrate.
Also, a common mistake is to set unrealistic goals and complete schedules, and to proceed without knowing the impact of the time scale.This may start with a statement, such as "the data center lease expires in three months, so we must move to the new data center before it expires."This may not be a problem for a small company with only 10 to 50 servers, but for larger companies, it will take longer than three months.In addition, its complexity also affects the time scale.Balancing service delivery and migration deadlines can lead to significant conflicts when the same 10-50 servers are constrained by the flexible service level agreement (SLA) of the 24/7 income-generating data center.
Even with a sensible migration plan, it is important to provide enough manpower to ensure that deadlines are not missed and employees are not tired.Assuming that IT support and operators are both moving to the data center and continuing to perform their normal duties, this will inevitably lead to a decline in the quality of both jobs.
Make sure you buy it widely.
From the beginning, managing user expectations needs to be part of the data center migration strategy.By ensuring early migration of affected business and IT communities.This will help to align the capabilities of the new data center with business requirements, smooth transitions during this period, and support measurable ROI.
The sheer technical complexity of the data center migration is almost uncontroversial.Advocacy organizations adopt the method of whole rather than isolated, this will help the organization to reach an agreement in action, and eliminate the opposition, as early as possible in order to prevent its slow the migration of or damage to the data center.The migration of data centers to completion requires decisive force to maintain this momentum.
4. Don't assume anything as usual (BAU).
Effective governance of daily data center activities is critical to providing timely, reliable and secure services.However, it has been found that even the best client and service provider business as usual (BAU) processes cannot handle the amount of speed or change required to support a data center migration.
The change management process on the client side and the service provider side is designed to restrict access to the data center, to move and stop activities.Usually, this kind of level 1 or level 2 change operation under the most strict change management control, such as multiple change the examination and approval committee, which before the transfer date will provide a lot of the time of delivery.
Data center migration cannot be seen as a large number of minor changes: migration, escalation, or cancellation.Instead, it must use pre-agreed-upon quantities of equipment and only plan, approve, and operate at a set time.This process must be approved at the senior business owner level to avoid all business as usual (BAU) change management process overloading or delay client and service change approval.
Similarly, the request management process is designed as business as usual (BAU) for providing new devices or accessing the system and dealing with major project requirements.Nonetheless, people have seen that data center migrations overwhelm the request management process and even make it stagnate.
The way to minimize this is to group the requests and make sure the permissions are well in advance.Then, when update relevant configuration management database, can be affected by the configuration of the project details as updates to the contract schedule management approval, rather than as a labor intensive personal request.
No matter how perfect the organization's planning, even the best data center migration strategy will face unprecedented complexity.To reduce risk, a pragmatic approach called smart migration is advocated here.This ensures a thorough initial foundation work and discovery, allowing the organization to remain flexible in the face of disruption and making quick informed decisions to overcome the difficulties of implementation.The chief information officer can then be sure that they will be able to meet the needs of the evolving business.
The most common failure cases in Website Design
It is not easy to create a pleasing and high conversion website design. Designers often find that they have some simple mistakes, but they do not pay attention to them. They do not know that these errors have a huge impact on the efficiency of the website. Here are 8 of the most common and most enduring "design failures, web designers hope to learn a lesson, do not make the same mistake again.
1. The question of readability
Text itself is an important part of design, and is often missed. Font size, background and typesetting are all important factors to ensure legibility. In order to improve readability, try different color schemes and use serif fonts, perhaps a perfect web page can be obtained.
2, disorderly layout
The content of your website requires a clear structure, with headlines, subtitles, points, and paragraphs helping to organize your content. Some designers forget it, but each page should have its title.
3, lack or difficulty in finding a search box
In the content - based web site, the search box must be available. However, most designers do not care about the design of the search box, or the fields that provide input are too short, and the typed text handwriting is not clear. An effective search box must be visible, easy to use, and provide enough space to type the search query.
4. Wrong screen resolution
Designing a strange screen resolution and forcing users to roll the web horizontally is a huge design error. Your design must be suitable for most screen sizes
5. No intuitive and clear navigation
In web design, navigation should be intuitive and consistent. One thing to remember: if the user still can't find what they are looking for at three clicks, they will probably simply give up your website.
6, the registration page is complex
Registry is a thorny problem. The rule of designing this page is fewer and better. Many websites have complicated registry forms, resulting in frequent failures of users when registering, which is a failed design. Unfortunately, some designers set most of the information to be mandatory, each field to verify that it becomes a annoying point. Never ask the user to fill in too much information. Otherwise, they will give up browsing your website.
7. Too much image
The images capture the eyeballs perfectly, but some designers have too much visual effects, and the chaos of the web page results, making it difficult to recognize and ultimately unattractive. The same applies to animation, a little animation may make the web more vivid, and a full page animation may have the effect of structures.
8. Background music
If users visit your site, they are looking for something specific, not a happy atmosphere. In particular, when designers use different musical works to decorate each page, the music will only annoy them.
Today, web design is all about usability and user experience. As a web designer, these designs should always be in your mind.
1. The question of readability
Text itself is an important part of design, and is often missed. Font size, background and typesetting are all important factors to ensure legibility. In order to improve readability, try different color schemes and use serif fonts, perhaps a perfect web page can be obtained.
2, disorderly layout
The content of your website requires a clear structure, with headlines, subtitles, points, and paragraphs helping to organize your content. Some designers forget it, but each page should have its title.
3, lack or difficulty in finding a search box
In the content - based web site, the search box must be available. However, most designers do not care about the design of the search box, or the fields that provide input are too short, and the typed text handwriting is not clear. An effective search box must be visible, easy to use, and provide enough space to type the search query.
4. Wrong screen resolution
Designing a strange screen resolution and forcing users to roll the web horizontally is a huge design error. Your design must be suitable for most screen sizes
5. No intuitive and clear navigation
In web design, navigation should be intuitive and consistent. One thing to remember: if the user still can't find what they are looking for at three clicks, they will probably simply give up your website.
6, the registration page is complex
Registry is a thorny problem. The rule of designing this page is fewer and better. Many websites have complicated registry forms, resulting in frequent failures of users when registering, which is a failed design. Unfortunately, some designers set most of the information to be mandatory, each field to verify that it becomes a annoying point. Never ask the user to fill in too much information. Otherwise, they will give up browsing your website.
7. Too much image
The images capture the eyeballs perfectly, but some designers have too much visual effects, and the chaos of the web page results, making it difficult to recognize and ultimately unattractive. The same applies to animation, a little animation may make the web more vivid, and a full page animation may have the effect of structures.
8. Background music
If users visit your site, they are looking for something specific, not a happy atmosphere. In particular, when designers use different musical works to decorate each page, the music will only annoy them.
Today, web design is all about usability and user experience. As a web designer, these designs should always be in your mind.
2018年1月24日 星期三
數據中心環境監控自動化中的兩個常見問題
如今,數據中心越來越趨於自動化,並已成爲數據中心良好運營的強大力量。以下列出在數據中心環境監控自動化中經常出現的兩個主要問題。
問題1:房間裏的大象
“房間裏的大象”是指人們私密生活和公共生活中對於某些顯而易見的事實,集體保持沉默的社會現象。人們在進一步深入自動化之前,無論是自動發現,報告交付或警報觸發操作,必須做出一個關鍵點:在某些方面,它被稱爲DPR週期。DPR代表檢測,預防和響應。
警報是工作人員在發生錯誤時捕獲錯誤的方式,但是由數據中心工作人員來決定它們發生的原因,並找到一種防止錯誤再次發生的方法。當構建一個解決方案以自動響應警報並進行修復時,作爲負責任的數據中心專業人員,還應該致力於分析情況的艱苦工作,以找到模式和根本原因。然後需要解決根本原因,並創建檢查,以便知道是否再次出現問題。
對警報的自動響應保持企業的業務在所有的時間運行,並幫助確保知道你需要的時間,工作人員必須能夠看到發生了什麼,做的工作出來爲什麼會發生,所以可以防止它在將來發生。這樣纔不會出現“房間裏的大象”問題。
問題2:內心恐懼
許多數據中心專業人員在第一次提出自動響應警報的想法時感到擔心。而具有一個真正有活力的大腦的人會對這些警報進行仔細思考,然後謹慎採取行動。這種想法就像站在“自動化”海洋的邊緣。有點令人望而生畏。但你必須相信不會被海水淹死,並且有能力一步步地嘗試。這並不是一個全有或全無的命題,其風險也將會從零到全部。
與任何IT工作一樣,有實施計劃有時比實施(或在這種情況下是自動化)本身更重要。所以可以再談談這個實施計劃:
首先識別測試機器。無論是爲這些目的而部署的實驗室設備還是那些不太重要的志願者,請設置警報,以便觸發這些機器。
學習使用反向閾值。雖然企業的最終警報將檢查CPU的工作負載量大於90%,工作人員可能希望避免反覆測試。而CPU的工作負載量小於90%將觸發更多的可靠性,至少工作人員希望如此。
查找復位選項。與上面密切相關,瞭解數據中心監控工具如何重置警報,以便再次觸發。也許很可能會很多使用那個功能。
詳細情況。數據中心工作人員想要了解發生什麼和什麼時候可能發生。如果數據中心的工具支持自己的日誌記錄,請將其打開。在自動化中大量插入“我現在開始XYZ步驟”消息。雖然很乏味,但你會很高興所做到的事情。
自己處理警報。如果你認爲會通過發送這些警報到服務器團隊進行測試,事實上,你並不會把它發送到任何團隊,而會認爲自己可以處理這些警報。
你真的不需要通過電子郵件觸發那些警報。所有這一切都是在基礎設施上造成額外的延遲和壓力,以及如果你的警報同時啓動多個消息,可能會產生其他問題,會將消息發送到本地日誌文件和顯示屏。
分享警報提醒。現在,你可以通過對話與小組的其他人分享警報提醒。
採用對話。這個過程將涉及與其他人交談。設置自動化是協作的,因爲你和那些每天都在一起工作的人都應該同意從基本功能到消息格式的一切。
將相位器設置爲滿。一旦自動化在企業的測試系統上工作,計劃通過分階段的方法實施。使用相同的機制,你用來限制幾個警報,你向網絡擴展,也許10-20個系統。並且你再次測試觀察結果。然後你擴大到50個左右。確保你和收件人都很滿意所看到的結果。記住,在這一點上,團隊正在接收常規警報,但你仍然應該看到之前提到的詳細消息。你應該與團隊進行審查,以確保你認爲發生的是真正發生的事情。
遵循這些指南,任何自動響應應該有很高的成功機率,或者至少你會避免陷入糟糕的自動化,不會產生太多的損害。採用自動化的一個很好的經驗法則是用最小的努力獲得最大的回報。無論你現在看到的是什麼基於系統的事件,這可能是你可以獲得的最大影響。另一個找到自動化想法的辦法就是聆聽團隊的想法,考慮是否有哪些用戶投訴是由系統故障驅動的。如果是這樣,它可能是解決自動化出現問題的機會。最後,不要計劃得太遠。你可能現在感到擔心在獲得一兩個成功之後,你會發現團隊正在尋求你的建議,以你的方式獲得幫助。
問題1:房間裏的大象
“房間裏的大象”是指人們私密生活和公共生活中對於某些顯而易見的事實,集體保持沉默的社會現象。人們在進一步深入自動化之前,無論是自動發現,報告交付或警報觸發操作,必須做出一個關鍵點:在某些方面,它被稱爲DPR週期。DPR代表檢測,預防和響應。
警報是工作人員在發生錯誤時捕獲錯誤的方式,但是由數據中心工作人員來決定它們發生的原因,並找到一種防止錯誤再次發生的方法。當構建一個解決方案以自動響應警報並進行修復時,作爲負責任的數據中心專業人員,還應該致力於分析情況的艱苦工作,以找到模式和根本原因。然後需要解決根本原因,並創建檢查,以便知道是否再次出現問題。
對警報的自動響應保持企業的業務在所有的時間運行,並幫助確保知道你需要的時間,工作人員必須能夠看到發生了什麼,做的工作出來爲什麼會發生,所以可以防止它在將來發生。這樣纔不會出現“房間裏的大象”問題。
問題2:內心恐懼
許多數據中心專業人員在第一次提出自動響應警報的想法時感到擔心。而具有一個真正有活力的大腦的人會對這些警報進行仔細思考,然後謹慎採取行動。這種想法就像站在“自動化”海洋的邊緣。有點令人望而生畏。但你必須相信不會被海水淹死,並且有能力一步步地嘗試。這並不是一個全有或全無的命題,其風險也將會從零到全部。
與任何IT工作一樣,有實施計劃有時比實施(或在這種情況下是自動化)本身更重要。所以可以再談談這個實施計劃:
首先識別測試機器。無論是爲這些目的而部署的實驗室設備還是那些不太重要的志願者,請設置警報,以便觸發這些機器。
學習使用反向閾值。雖然企業的最終警報將檢查CPU的工作負載量大於90%,工作人員可能希望避免反覆測試。而CPU的工作負載量小於90%將觸發更多的可靠性,至少工作人員希望如此。
查找復位選項。與上面密切相關,瞭解數據中心監控工具如何重置警報,以便再次觸發。也許很可能會很多使用那個功能。
詳細情況。數據中心工作人員想要了解發生什麼和什麼時候可能發生。如果數據中心的工具支持自己的日誌記錄,請將其打開。在自動化中大量插入“我現在開始XYZ步驟”消息。雖然很乏味,但你會很高興所做到的事情。
自己處理警報。如果你認爲會通過發送這些警報到服務器團隊進行測試,事實上,你並不會把它發送到任何團隊,而會認爲自己可以處理這些警報。
你真的不需要通過電子郵件觸發那些警報。所有這一切都是在基礎設施上造成額外的延遲和壓力,以及如果你的警報同時啓動多個消息,可能會產生其他問題,會將消息發送到本地日誌文件和顯示屏。
分享警報提醒。現在,你可以通過對話與小組的其他人分享警報提醒。
採用對話。這個過程將涉及與其他人交談。設置自動化是協作的,因爲你和那些每天都在一起工作的人都應該同意從基本功能到消息格式的一切。
將相位器設置爲滿。一旦自動化在企業的測試系統上工作,計劃通過分階段的方法實施。使用相同的機制,你用來限制幾個警報,你向網絡擴展,也許10-20個系統。並且你再次測試觀察結果。然後你擴大到50個左右。確保你和收件人都很滿意所看到的結果。記住,在這一點上,團隊正在接收常規警報,但你仍然應該看到之前提到的詳細消息。你應該與團隊進行審查,以確保你認爲發生的是真正發生的事情。
遵循這些指南,任何自動響應應該有很高的成功機率,或者至少你會避免陷入糟糕的自動化,不會產生太多的損害。採用自動化的一個很好的經驗法則是用最小的努力獲得最大的回報。無論你現在看到的是什麼基於系統的事件,這可能是你可以獲得的最大影響。另一個找到自動化想法的辦法就是聆聽團隊的想法,考慮是否有哪些用戶投訴是由系統故障驅動的。如果是這樣,它可能是解決自動化出現問題的機會。最後,不要計劃得太遠。你可能現在感到擔心在獲得一兩個成功之後,你會發現團隊正在尋求你的建議,以你的方式獲得幫助。
機房建置內部環境清掃三原則
機房建置有大量電子設備,這些設備並非工業級(工業級的有專門寬溫設計,抗粉塵設計,這類設備往往應用於特殊場合,爲了能夠在這樣惡劣環境中正常工作,這類設備往往會造價很高,很難在數據中心裏大面積推廣)的設計,對運行工作環境有一定要求,尤其是清潔度。如果數據中心裏溼度過於乾燥或者潮溼,各種霧霾、粉塵、有害氣體等充斥在環境中,將對運行的設備造成嚴重傷害,大大縮短設備的使用壽命。所以,保持數據中心內的環境清潔十分必要。不過,數據中心畢竟和普通的場所不同,簡單的打掃衛生難以達到效果,需要制定一套完善的清理衛生制度,並有條不紊地去執行,否則做不好反而帶來更大的損害。本文就來講一講數據中心裏的衛生清掃問題。
首先,數據中心要按照不同區域來制定不同的清理規則。數據中心包括監控管理區、設備機房、配電室、走廊通道、工作輔助區(洗手間、飲水區、會議室)等幾個地方,不同區域要由不同的人員來完成清掃。和其它建築無異,數據中心的建築內也有大廳、電梯、過道、洗手間等公共設施,這些區域基本和設備機房區域是完全隔離的,這裏只要安排一般的清潔人員即可,清潔要求與普通寫字樓建築要求無異,每天按時清掃即可,保持良好的工作環境;然後就是進入設備機房區域,去往設備機房區域一般會有門禁,只有數據中心的技術工作人員才能進入,清潔人員要進入必須經過嚴格審覈,通常在每個月或者每個季度,在數據中心工作人員的陪同下一起進入,然後由清潔人員完成這些區域的衛生打掃,這些地方的清潔度要求要高些。雖然要求高,但由於這裏一般外人很少進入,帶入的塵土並不多,打掃起來並不難;再就是進入設備機房,數據中心內部會劃分很多個設備機房,每個機房都是一個獨立的房間,房間裏常年保持恆溫恆溼的環境,這裏更是少有人員進入,進入的人員也儘量穿戴防靜電服裝和衣帽,減少灰塵的帶入。機房內部衛生清理,一般由數據中心的工作人員來完成,這些人員具備一定的專業技術知識,在進行衛生清理時,避免傷到佈線、出入通風通道、設備,需要有一定的專業技能,普通的清潔工難以勝任這樣的工作;再有就是運行着的設備,無論機房內環境如何清潔,各種灰塵是不可避免會產生的,隨着時間的積累,這些灰塵會越積越多,很多慢慢侵入到設備內部,這時簡單擦拭設備外部都無法達到清潔的目的。對運行的設備進行清潔需要更專業的知識和專用清潔設備。並不是所有設備都可以不斷電進行清潔,需要具體設備採用具體清潔的方法,一般這種清潔只能找原廠的技術人員,由他們完成設備清潔。當然,這個清潔價格也是昂貴的,所以一般不會經常做,往往使用超過一年以上纔會考慮設備清潔。再有,有的設備還必須要斷電才能進行清潔,否則仍會對設備造成損壞,這就需要數據中心進行業務遷移,將設備從環境中隔離出來,再斷電清潔,清潔完畢再放回原有的環境中,將業務切回。數據中心裏的設備成千上萬,要進行一次這樣的清潔是非常浩大的工程,很多數據中心往往將設備放入機房後,直到設備故障或者不再使用,都不曾做過清理,有的數據中心則進入核心的網絡設備進行清理,這樣需要清理的設備數量會非常少,服務器就不管了。
其次,數據中心做清理不能沒有章法,要制定各種詳細的打掃衛生的制度。制度要覆蓋三方面的內容。一是打掃時間和週期,一般普通工作區域每日都要打掃,設備機房區要每個季度打掃,設備要每年進行選擇性地打掃,打掃時間比如可以定位上午10點,打掃完畢確認的簽字表格,確保每個環節都有監督的制度,以便很好地完成清理工作;二是確定打掃的區域,不同的清潔人員負責的區域是不同的,打掃的頻率和方法也不同,爲每個專職和臨時的清潔人員確定到負責的區域;三是清潔標準,並不是打掃完成即可,要有考覈的條件,達到什麼樣的清潔程度纔算打掃完成。比如:地面無任何污漬、窗戶、臺上無灰塵、雜物,空調無灰塵、手印等,交換機,服務器,顯示器、鍵盤、鼠標表面無灰塵,手印,雜物等,各類機房相關物品擺放整齊、無污漬。有了這些標準,對數據中心清潔情況就有了參考數值。四是對清潔人員也要制定詳細的工作管理規定,約束他們,希望他們將工作做好。做到有獎有罰、獎罰分明。
第三,做好出入人員管理。數據中心內部是一個相對封閉的場所,尤其是設備機房幾乎與外界隔離,這樣做的目的是儘量減少外部的灰塵的進入。只要外部放進來的灰塵少了,機房內部的設備很少會自己產生灰塵。在數據中心出入人員的管理上要嚴格,對於進入設備區進行操作的人員和設備要嚴格檢查和審覈。只有這樣,才能徹底消除任何灰塵被帶入機房內部。
俗話說“冰凍三尺非一日之寒”,數據中心內部的清潔環境也要靠一點一滴做起,慢慢累積。如果平日裏不能很好地做好清潔工作,漸漸地數據中心內部各個區域都可能變成垃圾場,污染嚴重,這會對機房裏運行的設備造成不良影響,縮短設備的正常使用壽命。困難的是環境是否衛生不是簡單通過人們肉眼就能看出來的,一旦人們都能看出來就已經污染相當嚴重了,要用專用的空氣環境監測設備來監測,一旦某些指標不符合標準,就要進行及時整改,以便保持清潔的數據中心內部環境。
首先,數據中心要按照不同區域來制定不同的清理規則。數據中心包括監控管理區、設備機房、配電室、走廊通道、工作輔助區(洗手間、飲水區、會議室)等幾個地方,不同區域要由不同的人員來完成清掃。和其它建築無異,數據中心的建築內也有大廳、電梯、過道、洗手間等公共設施,這些區域基本和設備機房區域是完全隔離的,這裏只要安排一般的清潔人員即可,清潔要求與普通寫字樓建築要求無異,每天按時清掃即可,保持良好的工作環境;然後就是進入設備機房區域,去往設備機房區域一般會有門禁,只有數據中心的技術工作人員才能進入,清潔人員要進入必須經過嚴格審覈,通常在每個月或者每個季度,在數據中心工作人員的陪同下一起進入,然後由清潔人員完成這些區域的衛生打掃,這些地方的清潔度要求要高些。雖然要求高,但由於這裏一般外人很少進入,帶入的塵土並不多,打掃起來並不難;再就是進入設備機房,數據中心內部會劃分很多個設備機房,每個機房都是一個獨立的房間,房間裏常年保持恆溫恆溼的環境,這裏更是少有人員進入,進入的人員也儘量穿戴防靜電服裝和衣帽,減少灰塵的帶入。機房內部衛生清理,一般由數據中心的工作人員來完成,這些人員具備一定的專業技術知識,在進行衛生清理時,避免傷到佈線、出入通風通道、設備,需要有一定的專業技能,普通的清潔工難以勝任這樣的工作;再有就是運行着的設備,無論機房內環境如何清潔,各種灰塵是不可避免會產生的,隨着時間的積累,這些灰塵會越積越多,很多慢慢侵入到設備內部,這時簡單擦拭設備外部都無法達到清潔的目的。對運行的設備進行清潔需要更專業的知識和專用清潔設備。並不是所有設備都可以不斷電進行清潔,需要具體設備採用具體清潔的方法,一般這種清潔只能找原廠的技術人員,由他們完成設備清潔。當然,這個清潔價格也是昂貴的,所以一般不會經常做,往往使用超過一年以上纔會考慮設備清潔。再有,有的設備還必須要斷電才能進行清潔,否則仍會對設備造成損壞,這就需要數據中心進行業務遷移,將設備從環境中隔離出來,再斷電清潔,清潔完畢再放回原有的環境中,將業務切回。數據中心裏的設備成千上萬,要進行一次這樣的清潔是非常浩大的工程,很多數據中心往往將設備放入機房後,直到設備故障或者不再使用,都不曾做過清理,有的數據中心則進入核心的網絡設備進行清理,這樣需要清理的設備數量會非常少,服務器就不管了。
其次,數據中心做清理不能沒有章法,要制定各種詳細的打掃衛生的制度。制度要覆蓋三方面的內容。一是打掃時間和週期,一般普通工作區域每日都要打掃,設備機房區要每個季度打掃,設備要每年進行選擇性地打掃,打掃時間比如可以定位上午10點,打掃完畢確認的簽字表格,確保每個環節都有監督的制度,以便很好地完成清理工作;二是確定打掃的區域,不同的清潔人員負責的區域是不同的,打掃的頻率和方法也不同,爲每個專職和臨時的清潔人員確定到負責的區域;三是清潔標準,並不是打掃完成即可,要有考覈的條件,達到什麼樣的清潔程度纔算打掃完成。比如:地面無任何污漬、窗戶、臺上無灰塵、雜物,空調無灰塵、手印等,交換機,服務器,顯示器、鍵盤、鼠標表面無灰塵,手印,雜物等,各類機房相關物品擺放整齊、無污漬。有了這些標準,對數據中心清潔情況就有了參考數值。四是對清潔人員也要制定詳細的工作管理規定,約束他們,希望他們將工作做好。做到有獎有罰、獎罰分明。
第三,做好出入人員管理。數據中心內部是一個相對封閉的場所,尤其是設備機房幾乎與外界隔離,這樣做的目的是儘量減少外部的灰塵的進入。只要外部放進來的灰塵少了,機房內部的設備很少會自己產生灰塵。在數據中心出入人員的管理上要嚴格,對於進入設備區進行操作的人員和設備要嚴格檢查和審覈。只有這樣,才能徹底消除任何灰塵被帶入機房內部。
俗話說“冰凍三尺非一日之寒”,數據中心內部的清潔環境也要靠一點一滴做起,慢慢累積。如果平日裏不能很好地做好清潔工作,漸漸地數據中心內部各個區域都可能變成垃圾場,污染嚴重,這會對機房裏運行的設備造成不良影響,縮短設備的正常使用壽命。困難的是環境是否衛生不是簡單通過人們肉眼就能看出來的,一旦人們都能看出來就已經污染相當嚴重了,要用專用的空氣環境監測設備來監測,一旦某些指標不符合標準,就要進行及時整改,以便保持清潔的數據中心內部環境。
Data center migration, infrastructure operation and maintenance
Data center migration, operation and maintenance management is a very tedious and complex work, but at present, people who are engaged in this work still have some common knowledge and experience. The top priority of all companies is to recognize the importance of a sustainable operation plan. To achieve sustainable operation, companies must act immediately, evaluate their current operation plans, and start developing operational methodology that can avoid common mistakes.
First big mistake: exclude the data center site infrastructure operation team from the facility design process
Can the overall balance of the initial investment and operating costs and the needs of the company have cost (TCO) method, is the first step in creating the most effective, the most economical and efficient data center, including according to the specific situation of the company to determine the design standards of data center and determine its performance characteristics.
According to our experience, if the operation team is excluded from the data center site infrastructure design stage, the result often needs to rectify and maintain the infrastructure after data center delivery. For example, in the case of the following, we have to rectify a new data center.
Not designing enough branch circuits to lead to various maintenance operations.
The design and installation of the generator set is not reasonable, which leads to the difficulty of the simple maintenance work.
As a result of the defect in the building design, the air processing unit is unable to provide the required air flow for the data center.
These errors could have been avoided if the operation plan was taken into account during the design process. When you let the operator participate in the design phase, you will "make a good idea when you design". This is the essence of the TCO method.
Second big mistakes: too much reliance on the design of the data center
Many enterprises believe that it is extremely wrong to think that the design of high redundancy can reduce the input in the operation and maintenance plan. All kinds of research on the downtime in the data center are all the same: human error is the culprit. The correct operation, not the design, can not only maintain the normal operation of the facility, but also control the cost. It can protect the company's investment and protect the company's reputation. Many companies wrongly invest a lot of money in robust and redundant designs, but ignore the appropriate budget for operations.
For example, many enterprises perform the operation of key facilities to the property companies that specializes in maintaining office buildings, and these companies simply don't have the expertise to run or maintain critical facilities.
The typical office space facilities are operated on the basis of the idea that the system can be stopped for maintenance or maintenance. A short office building failure can only bring inconvenience to the internal staff, but if the data center has a serious downtime accident, it may jeopardize the company's mission. The only goal that companies should keep in mind when building data center infrastructure and organizing its operation team is to extend the normal running time to the maximum. The traditional device maintenance plan does not fully meet the following special functions and needs of the mission critical environment.
Performance - continuous operation is the requirement of the core business.
Availability - the normal running time of 100% does not allow any system shutdown to occur.
System complexity - redundant system, fault automatic transfer, emergency recovery program;
Responsibility system - process documentation, change control and audit records.
The key to meet the above needs is to lay the foundation for the operation of key facilities through a correct methodology.
In order to ensure that these key needs are met, the fully qualified data center site infrastructure operators should be identified at the beginning. Choosing the wrong staff or allowing the operator to come in later in the design will let you miss the opportunity to build an excellent data center.
Third major mistakes: improper staffing
Many companies estimate the configuration requirements of the operation and maintenance personnel of the data center site infrastructure based on the general building management standards. In a data center environment, if the need for staffing is underestimated, there will be a risk of being unattended in an emergency. The staffing should be based on the risk prediction and budget. The company should take into account the factors such as emergency response, equipment maintenance and supplier management, and set up a timetable to deploy personnel in the best way.
In the same way, it is essential to hire and retain the right talent. It is very challenging to recruit talented people with professional technical knowledge. Companies need to carefully identify future team members, not only to investigate their traditional background, but also to know whether they have qualified technical capabilities, management skills and communication skills. All these skills play a vital role in the operation of key facilities. However, it is only the first step to select only qualified operators.
First big mistake: exclude the data center site infrastructure operation team from the facility design process
Can the overall balance of the initial investment and operating costs and the needs of the company have cost (TCO) method, is the first step in creating the most effective, the most economical and efficient data center, including according to the specific situation of the company to determine the design standards of data center and determine its performance characteristics.
According to our experience, if the operation team is excluded from the data center site infrastructure design stage, the result often needs to rectify and maintain the infrastructure after data center delivery. For example, in the case of the following, we have to rectify a new data center.
Not designing enough branch circuits to lead to various maintenance operations.
The design and installation of the generator set is not reasonable, which leads to the difficulty of the simple maintenance work.
As a result of the defect in the building design, the air processing unit is unable to provide the required air flow for the data center.
These errors could have been avoided if the operation plan was taken into account during the design process. When you let the operator participate in the design phase, you will "make a good idea when you design". This is the essence of the TCO method.
Second big mistakes: too much reliance on the design of the data center
Many enterprises believe that it is extremely wrong to think that the design of high redundancy can reduce the input in the operation and maintenance plan. All kinds of research on the downtime in the data center are all the same: human error is the culprit. The correct operation, not the design, can not only maintain the normal operation of the facility, but also control the cost. It can protect the company's investment and protect the company's reputation. Many companies wrongly invest a lot of money in robust and redundant designs, but ignore the appropriate budget for operations.
For example, many enterprises perform the operation of key facilities to the property companies that specializes in maintaining office buildings, and these companies simply don't have the expertise to run or maintain critical facilities.
The typical office space facilities are operated on the basis of the idea that the system can be stopped for maintenance or maintenance. A short office building failure can only bring inconvenience to the internal staff, but if the data center has a serious downtime accident, it may jeopardize the company's mission. The only goal that companies should keep in mind when building data center infrastructure and organizing its operation team is to extend the normal running time to the maximum. The traditional device maintenance plan does not fully meet the following special functions and needs of the mission critical environment.
Performance - continuous operation is the requirement of the core business.
Availability - the normal running time of 100% does not allow any system shutdown to occur.
System complexity - redundant system, fault automatic transfer, emergency recovery program;
Responsibility system - process documentation, change control and audit records.
The key to meet the above needs is to lay the foundation for the operation of key facilities through a correct methodology.
In order to ensure that these key needs are met, the fully qualified data center site infrastructure operators should be identified at the beginning. Choosing the wrong staff or allowing the operator to come in later in the design will let you miss the opportunity to build an excellent data center.
Third major mistakes: improper staffing
Many companies estimate the configuration requirements of the operation and maintenance personnel of the data center site infrastructure based on the general building management standards. In a data center environment, if the need for staffing is underestimated, there will be a risk of being unattended in an emergency. The staffing should be based on the risk prediction and budget. The company should take into account the factors such as emergency response, equipment maintenance and supplier management, and set up a timetable to deploy personnel in the best way.
In the same way, it is essential to hire and retain the right talent. It is very challenging to recruit talented people with professional technical knowledge. Companies need to carefully identify future team members, not only to investigate their traditional background, but also to know whether they have qualified technical capabilities, management skills and communication skills. All these skills play a vital role in the operation of key facilities. However, it is only the first step to select only qualified operators.
How to avoid bad website design habits
The best way to a website design is to avoid some terrible designs. There are seven such design habits that need to be avoided. How to avoid the habit of bad Web Design
Habit 1: the website lacks personality
Website visitors are target driven. They search for a specific product or data sheet on your website. Therefore, if your website lacks clear purpose, these users will quickly move to the next website listed by their search engine. Bad website design does not fully represent your business or the relevance of the enterprise and the web site. Your home page is the same as your phone number. The first impression is everything. Is your home page boring? Is it not clear? The bad website design features include: do not know your target audience, including irrelevant or repetitive content, website content lacks strong appeal for sales behavior.
For all these reasons, network analysis is used to ensure that visitors have a good first impression of the site. Make the web page easy to read, have obvious navigation, introduce, and display the link properly. Make things easy.
Habit 2: failure to establish good faith
It is necessary that your design features prove to the visitors that they can trust the information you have found in your web page. Grammatical and spelling errors are visually unclean, and these seem to be outdated web sites. Think about it, if a website looks old, then you may come to the conclusion that the information contained is old. Therefore, the top priority is that you continue to update and improve your website, be careful not to fall behind.
Habit 3: unable to read text
Make sure that the content page stands out, and the text is too small, especially for the older audience. Choosing a new modern font is not a bad design, please make sure that the things you choose are crisp and clean. Finally, be careful with the use of the body, the italic, the underline, and the lock-in.
Habit 4: the layout of the website is not clear
Perhaps one of the most shocking crimes in web design is to create a poor web site. Do not let visitors guess where they should click: please make sure that the contents of your web page are simple text. Give a clear title for each button. Ensure that links are visually unified: if each link is presented in the same style, it will be convenient for users to scan web pages and find them.
Habit 5: distracting design elements
Too aspiring or inexperienced designers have a tendency to add more elements to the site using the garish. In fact, too many special functions and remarkable effects can seriously affect the overall feeling of the page, as well as the distraction of what is really important. Although it is a good idea to make a website stand out, it sometimes makes the visitor out of the page. Remember, content is the key, and any design feature should not cover up the fact.
Habit 6: leave the basic information
Creating a web site and lack of basic information will be the biggest mistake. Due to the failure to fully answer visitor questions or meet their needs, your site will soon reach to their expectations. One of the main problems found in bad website design is the lack of contact information. No matter what customers want to find a product related problem, or just need to know the problem of open time or website, if the customer can't find these basic information, the website will lose a large part of users.
Habit 7: do not check, look at the search engine to find you
Make sure to use the SEO keyword ingeniously to do smart and selective content, and to pay attention to your audience. The suitable keyword into your writing.
In web design, to avoid these seven bad habits, you will create a magnificent and visually impressive site in your own way.
Habit 1: the website lacks personality
Website visitors are target driven. They search for a specific product or data sheet on your website. Therefore, if your website lacks clear purpose, these users will quickly move to the next website listed by their search engine. Bad website design does not fully represent your business or the relevance of the enterprise and the web site. Your home page is the same as your phone number. The first impression is everything. Is your home page boring? Is it not clear? The bad website design features include: do not know your target audience, including irrelevant or repetitive content, website content lacks strong appeal for sales behavior.
For all these reasons, network analysis is used to ensure that visitors have a good first impression of the site. Make the web page easy to read, have obvious navigation, introduce, and display the link properly. Make things easy.
Habit 2: failure to establish good faith
It is necessary that your design features prove to the visitors that they can trust the information you have found in your web page. Grammatical and spelling errors are visually unclean, and these seem to be outdated web sites. Think about it, if a website looks old, then you may come to the conclusion that the information contained is old. Therefore, the top priority is that you continue to update and improve your website, be careful not to fall behind.
Habit 3: unable to read text
Make sure that the content page stands out, and the text is too small, especially for the older audience. Choosing a new modern font is not a bad design, please make sure that the things you choose are crisp and clean. Finally, be careful with the use of the body, the italic, the underline, and the lock-in.
Habit 4: the layout of the website is not clear
Perhaps one of the most shocking crimes in web design is to create a poor web site. Do not let visitors guess where they should click: please make sure that the contents of your web page are simple text. Give a clear title for each button. Ensure that links are visually unified: if each link is presented in the same style, it will be convenient for users to scan web pages and find them.
Habit 5: distracting design elements
Too aspiring or inexperienced designers have a tendency to add more elements to the site using the garish. In fact, too many special functions and remarkable effects can seriously affect the overall feeling of the page, as well as the distraction of what is really important. Although it is a good idea to make a website stand out, it sometimes makes the visitor out of the page. Remember, content is the key, and any design feature should not cover up the fact.
Habit 6: leave the basic information
Creating a web site and lack of basic information will be the biggest mistake. Due to the failure to fully answer visitor questions or meet their needs, your site will soon reach to their expectations. One of the main problems found in bad website design is the lack of contact information. No matter what customers want to find a product related problem, or just need to know the problem of open time or website, if the customer can't find these basic information, the website will lose a large part of users.
Habit 7: do not check, look at the search engine to find you
Make sure to use the SEO keyword ingeniously to do smart and selective content, and to pay attention to your audience. The suitable keyword into your writing.
In web design, to avoid these seven bad habits, you will create a magnificent and visually impressive site in your own way.
2018年1月23日 星期二
機房精密空調水系統的利弊
機房精密空調水系統是一個較爲複雜的系統,對機房精密空調系統的運行效果至關重要。文章總結歸納了機房精密空調水系統常見的幾種弊病,並探討其產生原因,提出了相應的改進措施。
機房精密空調水系統水力不平衡的問題
機房精密空調水系統中一個較爲突出問題是水力不平衡。對於某些規模較大又較複雜的系統,通常有許多控制迴路,由於迴路大小不一、管線長短不一,稍有不慎就會出現水力不平衡現象。
1、水力不平衡對冷熱源機組的影響
保持冷熱源機組的流量在機組規定的限度內可以使設備免受損害,在流量低於機組設計流量時,安全裝置將使機組停止運行。時開時停將使機組所提供的出力低於室內負荷所需的功率,同時如果水量突然減小,控制器來不及反應,也來不及調整機組的出力,就有可能發生水在管內凍結,其後果是相當嚴重的。如果是多臺機組並聯使用,隨着負荷的減小,設計機組容量會是負荷所需容量的幾倍。當實際投入運行機組多於實際需要時,部分機組會長期地重複開啓和停止,且啓停週期很短。這樣,將導致機組效率降低及能耗增加,而且縮短了機組的使用壽命。
爲確保機組良好運行,合理的方法是在每臺機組處設置平衡閥,這樣可調整流量至設計值。對於並聯安裝的冷卻塔,出水管上應設平衡管,以保證各個冷卻塔水量的平衡。
2、水力不平衡對輸配系統的影響
在輸配系統中,距離水泵最遠的環路因阻力大其差壓爲最小,而距水泵最近的環路則具有最大差壓值。如果沒有任何措施彌補這種差異,那麼近水泵段或系統環路阻力小的環路,水流量會大大高於設計流量;反之,則大大低於設計值,整個系統中的水量處於分配不均狀態。這種不均勻的水量會使建築物內室溫不均勻,以及室溫持續波動;近冷水機組處房間過冷,距離遠的則室溫偏高;另外流量偏大的環路的房間相對較快地達到要求的室溫,流量偏小的環路的房間需較長時間才能達到要求的室溫。
解決因環路壓差不同引起的水力不平衡的較好辦法,是在各環路回水總管上設平衡閥,可將各環路流量調至設計要求值。
3、一個值得引起注意的問題
對於採用二通控制閥的變流量系統,當某些房間室溫達到要求值時,控制閥開度將關小以降低末端裝置的出力,但是,隨着控制閥的關小,作用於控制閥上的差壓將增加。這樣即使閥門再關小,但因差壓進一步增加,流量會高於理論值,最終可能出現全部在低負荷運行的閥門將以開/ 關模式運行,產生振盪現象。由於系統中總水量減少,管道中的壓降也隨之下降,使得系統中全部末端裝置壓降升高,水泵工作點沿水泵特性曲線上移,水泵揚程升高,使得這些控制閥承受了接近最高揚程的差壓值,導致控制閥失靈併產生噪聲。
解決的辦法是在供(回)水管上短接一組自作用式壓差控制閥,保持系統總水量不變,使支管環路保持一個恆定的差壓值。
空調水系統的堵塞問題
由於管道堵塞引起空調水系統不能正常工作,也是常見的弊病。在調試和試運行過程中往往發現某些房間空調使用效果很差,甚至沒有效果。經查找,發現很多情況是由於施工用的麻絲、鐵屑粉末等雜物堵塞管道而引起的。
所以,管道系統的清洗工作直接關係到空調系統能否正常工作,應從下列幾個方面加以注意。
1、 首先在設計上,應考慮在管網最低處設置大口徑排污閥,便於清洗時排污。如果設計上在管網頂部採用自動排氣閥,施工單位在管網清洗前不要急於把排氣閥安裝上去,這樣便於注水時滿灌及排污時將管內水儘快排淨。
2、 在主要設備及末端裝置進水管上設“Y”型過濾器,避免管網內雜物進入設備及末端裝置,引起堵塞報廢。對於吊頂內風機盤管的過濾器最好安裝於集水盤內,便於拆洗。如集水盤不夠大可要求生產廠家適當加大;如做不到這點,那麼在保溫時,過濾器堵蓋部分應做成可拆式保溫,便於以後維護中拆洗過濾器。
3、 對主要設備的進、出水管間可安裝短路閥,沖洗時關閉進、出水閥,打開短路閥即可對整個管網進行系統沖洗。而對於末端裝置是風機盤管,由於安裝空間原因安裝短路閥會有困難,可在供、回水幹管上考慮便於沖洗的措施。如在供水乾管末端及回水幹管首端設置沖洗閥,對供水和回水的水平幹管分別沖洗,沖洗時注意沖洗方向應與系統運行時水流方向一致。
4、在每層水平幹管上設排空閥,便於分層沖洗放空及以後日常維護。
5、對水質應定期監測,避免因冷熱水污染堵塞末端裝置和腐蝕管道。對於冷凍水系統,從設計上最好考慮安裝電子除垢裝置,並對水質每年作穩定處理,對冷卻水系統也應每年進行水質處理。
空調水系統凝結水問題
1、 由於凝結水排水管坡度小或根本沒有坡度而造成漏水,或由於風機盤管的集水盤安裝不平或盤內排水口及排水管堵塞而盤水外溢是最常見的弊病。
解決的辦法:首先是要求凝結水水平管保證不小於千分之八的坡度,凝結水管的斷面應足夠大;建議支管不小於DN20,中間不得有縱向彎曲以避免氣阻使流水不暢;其次是風機盤管的集水盤應向排水孔有1%左右傾斜,對某些自制加工的集水盤,盤的翻邊應作等水平高度補償,使不因傾斜而減少容水量,集水盤傾斜過大或過小均不適宜。凝結水排水管選材建議採用PVC管或ABS管,其管內壁光滑,水中污染物不易流掛。
2、 冷凍水管道與閥門接口處保溫質量差易造成表面結露,形成凝結水漏水。保溫操作時應嚴格按照標準圖施工,保溫層應緊貼管壁,隔氣層要嚴實、密封。另外,運行中閥杆不可能保持滴水不滲,而且外露的閥杆及手輪還要結露,所以閥門保溫與管道保溫間一定要設防水層。嚴禁某些密度不一、厚薄不均的劣質保溫材料在工程上使用。
3、若末端裝置集水盤上的排水口很小,當風機啓動後,集水盤處於負壓處將造成重力排水不暢,不但可能造成集水盤往外溢水,而且還會從排水管向內漏風,若凝結水管直接引進窨井,還會形成細菌污染。建議生產廠家將風機的集水盤改在風機的正壓區,若有困難可將集水盤排水口放大或設水封。若爲落地風機,其基礎可增至高於地面150mm,在排水管下部增設水封,或在凝結水立管下設水封。
水泵的選擇與流量限定問題
1、對於高層建築,選擇水泵時千萬不能忽視水泵的耐壓強度,在系統沒有豎向分區情況下,安裝於建築物底部的水泵承受的靜水壓力很大,設計上往往沒有提供水泵耐壓要求,加上水泵樣本也無此參數,施工單位在採購時如忽視這個問題,往往造成水泵運行一段時間後出現水泵殼體碎裂現象,所以在水泵選購時,一定要根據工程實際需要提出水泵的耐壓要求。
2、在空調的集中冷熱源系統,不論是冷凍水系統還是冷卻水系統,常見多臺泵並聯的設計。
而在實際運行中,大部分時間常爲部分負荷運行,有時只需開一臺水泵,這時系統摩阻大大下降,水量上漲,可能導致泵的電動機過載,輕則跳閘,重則燒壞電機,影響製冷系統正常運行。
機房精密空調水系統水力不平衡的問題
機房精密空調水系統中一個較爲突出問題是水力不平衡。對於某些規模較大又較複雜的系統,通常有許多控制迴路,由於迴路大小不一、管線長短不一,稍有不慎就會出現水力不平衡現象。
1、水力不平衡對冷熱源機組的影響
保持冷熱源機組的流量在機組規定的限度內可以使設備免受損害,在流量低於機組設計流量時,安全裝置將使機組停止運行。時開時停將使機組所提供的出力低於室內負荷所需的功率,同時如果水量突然減小,控制器來不及反應,也來不及調整機組的出力,就有可能發生水在管內凍結,其後果是相當嚴重的。如果是多臺機組並聯使用,隨着負荷的減小,設計機組容量會是負荷所需容量的幾倍。當實際投入運行機組多於實際需要時,部分機組會長期地重複開啓和停止,且啓停週期很短。這樣,將導致機組效率降低及能耗增加,而且縮短了機組的使用壽命。
爲確保機組良好運行,合理的方法是在每臺機組處設置平衡閥,這樣可調整流量至設計值。對於並聯安裝的冷卻塔,出水管上應設平衡管,以保證各個冷卻塔水量的平衡。
2、水力不平衡對輸配系統的影響
在輸配系統中,距離水泵最遠的環路因阻力大其差壓爲最小,而距水泵最近的環路則具有最大差壓值。如果沒有任何措施彌補這種差異,那麼近水泵段或系統環路阻力小的環路,水流量會大大高於設計流量;反之,則大大低於設計值,整個系統中的水量處於分配不均狀態。這種不均勻的水量會使建築物內室溫不均勻,以及室溫持續波動;近冷水機組處房間過冷,距離遠的則室溫偏高;另外流量偏大的環路的房間相對較快地達到要求的室溫,流量偏小的環路的房間需較長時間才能達到要求的室溫。
解決因環路壓差不同引起的水力不平衡的較好辦法,是在各環路回水總管上設平衡閥,可將各環路流量調至設計要求值。
3、一個值得引起注意的問題
對於採用二通控制閥的變流量系統,當某些房間室溫達到要求值時,控制閥開度將關小以降低末端裝置的出力,但是,隨着控制閥的關小,作用於控制閥上的差壓將增加。這樣即使閥門再關小,但因差壓進一步增加,流量會高於理論值,最終可能出現全部在低負荷運行的閥門將以開/ 關模式運行,產生振盪現象。由於系統中總水量減少,管道中的壓降也隨之下降,使得系統中全部末端裝置壓降升高,水泵工作點沿水泵特性曲線上移,水泵揚程升高,使得這些控制閥承受了接近最高揚程的差壓值,導致控制閥失靈併產生噪聲。
解決的辦法是在供(回)水管上短接一組自作用式壓差控制閥,保持系統總水量不變,使支管環路保持一個恆定的差壓值。
空調水系統的堵塞問題
由於管道堵塞引起空調水系統不能正常工作,也是常見的弊病。在調試和試運行過程中往往發現某些房間空調使用效果很差,甚至沒有效果。經查找,發現很多情況是由於施工用的麻絲、鐵屑粉末等雜物堵塞管道而引起的。
所以,管道系統的清洗工作直接關係到空調系統能否正常工作,應從下列幾個方面加以注意。
1、 首先在設計上,應考慮在管網最低處設置大口徑排污閥,便於清洗時排污。如果設計上在管網頂部採用自動排氣閥,施工單位在管網清洗前不要急於把排氣閥安裝上去,這樣便於注水時滿灌及排污時將管內水儘快排淨。
2、 在主要設備及末端裝置進水管上設“Y”型過濾器,避免管網內雜物進入設備及末端裝置,引起堵塞報廢。對於吊頂內風機盤管的過濾器最好安裝於集水盤內,便於拆洗。如集水盤不夠大可要求生產廠家適當加大;如做不到這點,那麼在保溫時,過濾器堵蓋部分應做成可拆式保溫,便於以後維護中拆洗過濾器。
3、 對主要設備的進、出水管間可安裝短路閥,沖洗時關閉進、出水閥,打開短路閥即可對整個管網進行系統沖洗。而對於末端裝置是風機盤管,由於安裝空間原因安裝短路閥會有困難,可在供、回水幹管上考慮便於沖洗的措施。如在供水乾管末端及回水幹管首端設置沖洗閥,對供水和回水的水平幹管分別沖洗,沖洗時注意沖洗方向應與系統運行時水流方向一致。
4、在每層水平幹管上設排空閥,便於分層沖洗放空及以後日常維護。
5、對水質應定期監測,避免因冷熱水污染堵塞末端裝置和腐蝕管道。對於冷凍水系統,從設計上最好考慮安裝電子除垢裝置,並對水質每年作穩定處理,對冷卻水系統也應每年進行水質處理。
空調水系統凝結水問題
1、 由於凝結水排水管坡度小或根本沒有坡度而造成漏水,或由於風機盤管的集水盤安裝不平或盤內排水口及排水管堵塞而盤水外溢是最常見的弊病。
解決的辦法:首先是要求凝結水水平管保證不小於千分之八的坡度,凝結水管的斷面應足夠大;建議支管不小於DN20,中間不得有縱向彎曲以避免氣阻使流水不暢;其次是風機盤管的集水盤應向排水孔有1%左右傾斜,對某些自制加工的集水盤,盤的翻邊應作等水平高度補償,使不因傾斜而減少容水量,集水盤傾斜過大或過小均不適宜。凝結水排水管選材建議採用PVC管或ABS管,其管內壁光滑,水中污染物不易流掛。
2、 冷凍水管道與閥門接口處保溫質量差易造成表面結露,形成凝結水漏水。保溫操作時應嚴格按照標準圖施工,保溫層應緊貼管壁,隔氣層要嚴實、密封。另外,運行中閥杆不可能保持滴水不滲,而且外露的閥杆及手輪還要結露,所以閥門保溫與管道保溫間一定要設防水層。嚴禁某些密度不一、厚薄不均的劣質保溫材料在工程上使用。
3、若末端裝置集水盤上的排水口很小,當風機啓動後,集水盤處於負壓處將造成重力排水不暢,不但可能造成集水盤往外溢水,而且還會從排水管向內漏風,若凝結水管直接引進窨井,還會形成細菌污染。建議生產廠家將風機的集水盤改在風機的正壓區,若有困難可將集水盤排水口放大或設水封。若爲落地風機,其基礎可增至高於地面150mm,在排水管下部增設水封,或在凝結水立管下設水封。
水泵的選擇與流量限定問題
1、對於高層建築,選擇水泵時千萬不能忽視水泵的耐壓強度,在系統沒有豎向分區情況下,安裝於建築物底部的水泵承受的靜水壓力很大,設計上往往沒有提供水泵耐壓要求,加上水泵樣本也無此參數,施工單位在採購時如忽視這個問題,往往造成水泵運行一段時間後出現水泵殼體碎裂現象,所以在水泵選購時,一定要根據工程實際需要提出水泵的耐壓要求。
2、在空調的集中冷熱源系統,不論是冷凍水系統還是冷卻水系統,常見多臺泵並聯的設計。
而在實際運行中,大部分時間常爲部分負荷運行,有時只需開一臺水泵,這時系統摩阻大大下降,水量上漲,可能導致泵的電動機過載,輕則跳閘,重則燒壞電機,影響製冷系統正常運行。
人工智能在機房建置中的實際應用
機房建置,當前不斷有人在向企業數據中心的執行管理人員們推薦機器人IT員工或由HAL(硬件抽象層)或IBM Watson完全運行的數據中心。對於企業的數據中心經理們來說,更好的方法就是重視切實的部署實施。
現如今,關於未來技術發展的許多預言都集中在人工智能(AI)領域。我們已不止一次的被告知:在未來,AI會影響全社會的每一個方面,AI技術將豐富我們生活的各個方面。當然,AI也將遍及數據中心內的每一個元素。
最終,這些預言都可能會成真。但請注意,早在2001年,斯皮爾伯格大導關於“人工智能”的電影就已經問世了。儘管圍繞着人工智能技術的發展不斷興起各種炒作,但事實上,當前的技術較之那個時候並沒有什麼變化。而談到2001年,庫布裏克導演早在1968年就執導了電影《2001太空漫遊》。五十年後,HAL在哪裏?關於這方面最好的例子是亞馬遜的Alexa能夠告訴我們天氣預報或者自動幫助我們播放一些音樂。
所以,讓我們在數據中心切實的來進行AI實踐吧。數據中心經理們需要了解的是:其將在存儲、應用程序和安全方面,分別帶來什麼樣的實際影響?換句話說,我們更多的所應該擔心的並未是其未來的潛力——而是AI如何在當下立即爲數據中心提供幫助?而數據中心經理們又應該相應的採取什麼措施?
AI時代正在到來
市場研究公司Tractica表示,2017年全球人工智能市場已達到24.2億美元。到2025年,人工智能市場預計將發展壯大爲370億美元的行業。使其成爲數據中心經理們務必要更加關注的技術領域。
Aera Technology公司的創始人兼首席技術官Shariq Mansoor表示:“人工智能技術已經不再是科幻小說,所以數據中心管理人員們需要爲該技術的到來做好準備。AI技術已經得到快速的發展,其可以幫助改善數據中心的運營和服務。”
壞消息是,根據Gartner的數據顯示,到2020年,人工智能預計將減少180萬個就業機會。好消息是,同期其也將創造230萬個就業崗位。故而,關鍵就在於:那些在今天做出正確的AI選擇的人將比那些忽視AI趨勢的人更可能在幾年內獲得工作。
更多的好消息是,人工智能市場最大的應用領域是企業級應用,如圖像識別、物體識別、檢測和分類,以及自動化的地球物理特徵檢測。人工智能需要複雜的數據驅動應用程序,而零售、醫療保健和汽車等領域的應用程序需求量很大。
Mansoor說:“企業組織現在就要爲海量數據的存儲容量和可擴展性進行開始規劃;包括用於AI工作負載的GPU的更具彈性的計算能力的需求;以及包括Apache Spark等開源技術在內的新的技術堆棧做好準備。人工智能正在成爲保持業務??發展的必要手段,從自主運營、省電、執行預測性維護到持續的工作負載調整。沒有人工智能,想要實現數據中心的穩定持續的盈利運營幾乎是不可能的。”
戴爾EMC人工智能戰略的首席技術專家Tabet對此也表示贊同。他表示,數據中心經理們應該努力利用AI技術來找到更好的方法,用以優化數據中心基礎設施的管理運營。這包括利用傳感器和相關數據來降低功耗,儘可能減少停機時間,並儘早檢測異常情況。
Tabet表示:“人工智能將幫助數據中心基礎設施提供商們提供更智能的基礎設施和相關資產,以監控、優化和改善運營。這些將包括存儲,計算和網絡。”
他認爲我們正處於人工智能的拐點。他爲我們提供了一些數據中心經理應該關注的特定領域:
1、自動化交流系統:不僅僅是簡單聊天的機器人,這些機器人現在能夠創造更好的客戶互動和用戶體驗。這些將進入客戶服務應用程序、幫助臺和其他旨在改善IT資源和服務的應用程序。基於人工智能的分析將提供智能化的故障排除和診斷工具,數據中心可用於解決問題,主動性的洞察趨勢,分析預測,和進行資源調度。
2、機器學習:可以將機器學習算法結合到存儲系統的控制層,以便更輕鬆地監控流量擁堵的各種原因。這使企業能夠預測潛在的脆弱環節。深度學習是基於來自數據學習的更廣泛的機器學習方法系列的的一部分,而不是利用特定任務算法。
Markets And Markets的AI分析師Shiladitya Chaterji表示:“用戶請求和數據流量可以根據網絡使用模式在不同的存儲位置之間傳輸。深度學習是一項人工智能技術,可以幫助優化基礎設施和運營,創造更高的效率,並提供更智能的預測性維護和相關服務,從而最終降低成本。”
人工智能支持的基礎設施:人工智能通過集成GPU和其他加速器硬件(如基於AI的設備)直接爲更強大的數據中心基礎設施提供支持。使用AI創建智能基礎架構將有助於提供更高效的數據中心,優化配置,並通過動態設置和自適應功能實現更好的工作負載執行。
在不遠的未來,自然語言處理可以支持會話式AI.但是這項技術還處於研究階段。先進的“代理人”和人類操作員的整合目前是比完全自動化方法更好的模型,Tabet表示說。而具有“自主”功能的高級自愈式數據中心也將得到進一步推廣。
回到即時的實踐利用,非常大的數據集對於AI技術而言是不可或缺的。數據中心管理人員們應該越來越習慣他們。數據來自多個來源,預計需要努力爲其做好準備,標記和處理。人工智能和機器學習所提供的技術可以用來消除費時且人工手動操作的勞累過程。
StorageIO Group的分析師Greg Schulz表示:“數據中心管理人員們所面臨的幾大真切的AI實踐領域包括基於策略的日常任務自動化。這包括資源和服務的配置;服務檯,問題解決方案和積極的知識庫,捕捉新的事件,場景,症狀和解決方案,以幫助學習過去的經驗,以防止在未來出現相同的問題。
未來遠景的改變
Tabet認爲,數據中心將會出現不斷變化的願景和架構。它們將變得更加分散,更多的計算將會走向邊緣或接近邊緣。人工智能將需要處理複雜性,數據同步和分析。但是人工智能和機器數據的需求與其他類型的數據有很大不同。例如,機器數據將需要邊緣處理的即時性,以及核心處的可擴展的共享存儲庫。因此,傳統上部署的存儲類型可能並不適合機器學習環境。
Pure Storage公司的產品和解決方案營銷副總裁Matt Kixmoeller表示:“對AI或機器學習的投資需要對底層存儲基礎架構進行一些戰略性的思考。由於其是數據密集型的,並依靠從數據中識別出的即時價值,解決方案必須具有可擴展性和成本效益,而且能夠高速處理龐大的數據集。”
他建議將企業本地部署環境和基於雲的存儲解決方案相結合。對於性能和成本的可預測性,將需要企業本地部署的數據中心元素。雲服務可以在開發/測試環境中快速擴展和縮小。
在這個不斷變化的數據中心環境中,開銷變得至關重要。預計數字處理,分析和數據傳輸將耗費大量的開銷。根據架構的不同,這可能是本地部署的,也可能是跨越多個系統和多個站點。
對於投資於人工智能或機器學習的企業來說,這就是對象存儲可能會發揮其功效的所在了。
Cloudian公司的首席執行官Michael Tso表示:“不要將目標存儲視爲‘便宜而深入’,而應將其視爲未來差異化的中心。數據中心世界正在發生變化,而那些能夠以AI友好的格式保存數據信息的企業組織將更有可能獲得成功。”
AI的安全
人工智能在安全領域中的應用是不可避免的。畢竟,新出現的惡意軟件和病毒數量是驚人的。一項電子郵件安全差距分析發現,在對數百萬封電子郵件的調查中,10.5%的流量包含了現有安全工具漏掉的垃圾郵件或惡意郵件。這其中很大一部分是垃圾郵件。而事實是,大約0.3%的釣魚郵件和0.04%的惡意軟件附件已經凸現出了現代安全管理的漏洞——不管你的工具有多好,他們也不能百分百的攔截所有這些的惡意攻擊。人工智能需要對這些流量進行更加詳細和快速的分析,並提醒防火牆後面可能發生的有害行爲,例如異常的流量模式,可疑的端口或外部傳輸的數據。
Schulz說:“人工智能的一些其他應用和實踐採用包括安全入侵檢測,對正常、異常、垃圾郵件和惡意軟件的檢測,保護和預防的訪問模式的學習。”
機器人還是基礎自動化?
毫無疑問,當前不斷有人在向企業數據中心的執行管理人員們推薦機器人IT員工或由HAL(硬件抽象層)或IBM Watson完全運行的數據中心。對於企業的數據中心經理們來說,更好的方法就是重視切實的部署實施。
Schulz表示:“現在,我們需要將重點放在可以帶來實際好處領域上,包括聊天機器人,趨勢分析和簡單的自動化。”
現如今,關於未來技術發展的許多預言都集中在人工智能(AI)領域。我們已不止一次的被告知:在未來,AI會影響全社會的每一個方面,AI技術將豐富我們生活的各個方面。當然,AI也將遍及數據中心內的每一個元素。
最終,這些預言都可能會成真。但請注意,早在2001年,斯皮爾伯格大導關於“人工智能”的電影就已經問世了。儘管圍繞着人工智能技術的發展不斷興起各種炒作,但事實上,當前的技術較之那個時候並沒有什麼變化。而談到2001年,庫布裏克導演早在1968年就執導了電影《2001太空漫遊》。五十年後,HAL在哪裏?關於這方面最好的例子是亞馬遜的Alexa能夠告訴我們天氣預報或者自動幫助我們播放一些音樂。
所以,讓我們在數據中心切實的來進行AI實踐吧。數據中心經理們需要了解的是:其將在存儲、應用程序和安全方面,分別帶來什麼樣的實際影響?換句話說,我們更多的所應該擔心的並未是其未來的潛力——而是AI如何在當下立即爲數據中心提供幫助?而數據中心經理們又應該相應的採取什麼措施?
AI時代正在到來
市場研究公司Tractica表示,2017年全球人工智能市場已達到24.2億美元。到2025年,人工智能市場預計將發展壯大爲370億美元的行業。使其成爲數據中心經理們務必要更加關注的技術領域。
Aera Technology公司的創始人兼首席技術官Shariq Mansoor表示:“人工智能技術已經不再是科幻小說,所以數據中心管理人員們需要爲該技術的到來做好準備。AI技術已經得到快速的發展,其可以幫助改善數據中心的運營和服務。”
壞消息是,根據Gartner的數據顯示,到2020年,人工智能預計將減少180萬個就業機會。好消息是,同期其也將創造230萬個就業崗位。故而,關鍵就在於:那些在今天做出正確的AI選擇的人將比那些忽視AI趨勢的人更可能在幾年內獲得工作。
更多的好消息是,人工智能市場最大的應用領域是企業級應用,如圖像識別、物體識別、檢測和分類,以及自動化的地球物理特徵檢測。人工智能需要複雜的數據驅動應用程序,而零售、醫療保健和汽車等領域的應用程序需求量很大。
Mansoor說:“企業組織現在就要爲海量數據的存儲容量和可擴展性進行開始規劃;包括用於AI工作負載的GPU的更具彈性的計算能力的需求;以及包括Apache Spark等開源技術在內的新的技術堆棧做好準備。人工智能正在成爲保持業務??發展的必要手段,從自主運營、省電、執行預測性維護到持續的工作負載調整。沒有人工智能,想要實現數據中心的穩定持續的盈利運營幾乎是不可能的。”
戴爾EMC人工智能戰略的首席技術專家Tabet對此也表示贊同。他表示,數據中心經理們應該努力利用AI技術來找到更好的方法,用以優化數據中心基礎設施的管理運營。這包括利用傳感器和相關數據來降低功耗,儘可能減少停機時間,並儘早檢測異常情況。
Tabet表示:“人工智能將幫助數據中心基礎設施提供商們提供更智能的基礎設施和相關資產,以監控、優化和改善運營。這些將包括存儲,計算和網絡。”
他認爲我們正處於人工智能的拐點。他爲我們提供了一些數據中心經理應該關注的特定領域:
1、自動化交流系統:不僅僅是簡單聊天的機器人,這些機器人現在能夠創造更好的客戶互動和用戶體驗。這些將進入客戶服務應用程序、幫助臺和其他旨在改善IT資源和服務的應用程序。基於人工智能的分析將提供智能化的故障排除和診斷工具,數據中心可用於解決問題,主動性的洞察趨勢,分析預測,和進行資源調度。
2、機器學習:可以將機器學習算法結合到存儲系統的控制層,以便更輕鬆地監控流量擁堵的各種原因。這使企業能夠預測潛在的脆弱環節。深度學習是基於來自數據學習的更廣泛的機器學習方法系列的的一部分,而不是利用特定任務算法。
Markets And Markets的AI分析師Shiladitya Chaterji表示:“用戶請求和數據流量可以根據網絡使用模式在不同的存儲位置之間傳輸。深度學習是一項人工智能技術,可以幫助優化基礎設施和運營,創造更高的效率,並提供更智能的預測性維護和相關服務,從而最終降低成本。”
人工智能支持的基礎設施:人工智能通過集成GPU和其他加速器硬件(如基於AI的設備)直接爲更強大的數據中心基礎設施提供支持。使用AI創建智能基礎架構將有助於提供更高效的數據中心,優化配置,並通過動態設置和自適應功能實現更好的工作負載執行。
在不遠的未來,自然語言處理可以支持會話式AI.但是這項技術還處於研究階段。先進的“代理人”和人類操作員的整合目前是比完全自動化方法更好的模型,Tabet表示說。而具有“自主”功能的高級自愈式數據中心也將得到進一步推廣。
回到即時的實踐利用,非常大的數據集對於AI技術而言是不可或缺的。數據中心管理人員們應該越來越習慣他們。數據來自多個來源,預計需要努力爲其做好準備,標記和處理。人工智能和機器學習所提供的技術可以用來消除費時且人工手動操作的勞累過程。
StorageIO Group的分析師Greg Schulz表示:“數據中心管理人員們所面臨的幾大真切的AI實踐領域包括基於策略的日常任務自動化。這包括資源和服務的配置;服務檯,問題解決方案和積極的知識庫,捕捉新的事件,場景,症狀和解決方案,以幫助學習過去的經驗,以防止在未來出現相同的問題。
未來遠景的改變
Tabet認爲,數據中心將會出現不斷變化的願景和架構。它們將變得更加分散,更多的計算將會走向邊緣或接近邊緣。人工智能將需要處理複雜性,數據同步和分析。但是人工智能和機器數據的需求與其他類型的數據有很大不同。例如,機器數據將需要邊緣處理的即時性,以及核心處的可擴展的共享存儲庫。因此,傳統上部署的存儲類型可能並不適合機器學習環境。
Pure Storage公司的產品和解決方案營銷副總裁Matt Kixmoeller表示:“對AI或機器學習的投資需要對底層存儲基礎架構進行一些戰略性的思考。由於其是數據密集型的,並依靠從數據中識別出的即時價值,解決方案必須具有可擴展性和成本效益,而且能夠高速處理龐大的數據集。”
他建議將企業本地部署環境和基於雲的存儲解決方案相結合。對於性能和成本的可預測性,將需要企業本地部署的數據中心元素。雲服務可以在開發/測試環境中快速擴展和縮小。
在這個不斷變化的數據中心環境中,開銷變得至關重要。預計數字處理,分析和數據傳輸將耗費大量的開銷。根據架構的不同,這可能是本地部署的,也可能是跨越多個系統和多個站點。
對於投資於人工智能或機器學習的企業來說,這就是對象存儲可能會發揮其功效的所在了。
Cloudian公司的首席執行官Michael Tso表示:“不要將目標存儲視爲‘便宜而深入’,而應將其視爲未來差異化的中心。數據中心世界正在發生變化,而那些能夠以AI友好的格式保存數據信息的企業組織將更有可能獲得成功。”
AI的安全
人工智能在安全領域中的應用是不可避免的。畢竟,新出現的惡意軟件和病毒數量是驚人的。一項電子郵件安全差距分析發現,在對數百萬封電子郵件的調查中,10.5%的流量包含了現有安全工具漏掉的垃圾郵件或惡意郵件。這其中很大一部分是垃圾郵件。而事實是,大約0.3%的釣魚郵件和0.04%的惡意軟件附件已經凸現出了現代安全管理的漏洞——不管你的工具有多好,他們也不能百分百的攔截所有這些的惡意攻擊。人工智能需要對這些流量進行更加詳細和快速的分析,並提醒防火牆後面可能發生的有害行爲,例如異常的流量模式,可疑的端口或外部傳輸的數據。
Schulz說:“人工智能的一些其他應用和實踐採用包括安全入侵檢測,對正常、異常、垃圾郵件和惡意軟件的檢測,保護和預防的訪問模式的學習。”
機器人還是基礎自動化?
毫無疑問,當前不斷有人在向企業數據中心的執行管理人員們推薦機器人IT員工或由HAL(硬件抽象層)或IBM Watson完全運行的數據中心。對於企業的數據中心經理們來說,更好的方法就是重視切實的部署實施。
Schulz表示:“現在,我們需要將重點放在可以帶來實際好處領域上,包括聊天機器人,趨勢分析和簡單的自動化。”
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