FM200: the security and control of the data center

FM200, nowadays, software defined data center (SDDC) and hybrid infrastructure create opportunities for digital business, but also bring challenges to IT department for data center security and control, especially when trying to integrate and deploy traditional security solutions. Distributed IT infrastructure is widely applied in physical, virtual, internal deployment and cloud computing workloads. When establishing a comprehensive security system for enterprises, traditional security will fail in performance, scalability and manageability.

In view of the security and control mechanism designed for the super integrated infrastructure (HCIS), if we want to provide the visibility and scalability level of the digital business for IT security team, we need flexible design. Its security should be able to protect, rather than prevent these digital infrastructures, otherwise it will make the organization experience data leakage and security incidents caused by security risks.
Control of data center
Data center control can only be achieved through the unified management of internal deployment and public infrastructure, which is not provided by traditional security solutions. And the security debris that leads to the high maintenance cost caused by the IT overhead is usually the main problem of the traditional data center and infrastructure. Because of this, super fusion (the extra abstraction layer on its existing hardware and system) has realized the automation, flexible and programmable data center defined by software.
The traditional endpoint proxy of CPU, memory and input / output operation, which takes up the virtual workload seriously, reduces the virtualization density and the utilization of infrastructure, and hinder the performance. With limited scalability options, traditional security solutions can not provide the infrastructure of super convergence, and can not provide flexibility for enterprises to grow.
Security of data center
Any security solution to protect endpoints on the entire infrastructure should not only integrate with the key to the super integration infrastructure (HCIS) technology, but also be independent of the virtual machine management program and the operation system. Centralization of manageability and visibility should also ensure that IT administrators can deploy and implement all the infrastructure policies in time, even if new workloads are created. Cloud burst policy execution is the key to maintain compliance, control of performance and data location, because it can provide flexibility for a company to run workload from a financial and operational perspective without sacrificing safety.
In order to ensure the operation efficiency of data centers, organizations need to flexibly support the automatic configuration and deployment of security solutions, and provide a single pane view for the entire data center. Continuous security coverage ensures that virtual workloads are always protected, regardless of their location and functionality.
Adaptive security layer
The security and control of the data center should be based on an adaptive security layer that focuses on prevention, pre execution, execution, repair and visibility. In technology, the use of machine learning itself should not be implemented as a security layer, but as a tool to enhance the ability of the current security technology.
The security challenges faced by software defined data centers (SDDC) and super integrated infrastructures (HCIS) can only be overcome by providing continuous coverage in hybrid cloud to achieve data center transformation. It is highly efficient, flexible and extensible, which not only provides the security department with the required visibility level, but also enables them to focus on developing new security policies, rather than maintaining them.

機房建置：塑造適應大數據和物聯網發展

機房建置，根據調研Gartner公司預測，到2020年底，全球範圍內將有260億個物聯網設備，並導致大數據分析得到大幅增長。

隨着越來越多的互聯網設備可以與人員和設備相互聯網和通信，物聯網正在改變人們的生活，工作，娛樂和旅行方式。
這種無處不在的連接產生了大量的大數據，這是極其龐大的數據集，難以用傳統工具進行分析，包括非結構化數據或不在傳統數據庫範圍內的信息。
IDC預測，大數據市場將從五年前的僅僅32億美元增加到324億美元，大數據在金融服務行業，醫療保健行業，製造業和其他行業領域具有很大的潛力。
而無人駕駛汽車，智能廚房，健康和健身用品，智能電網，智能城市，以及智能火車等新興產業也在蓬勃發展，物聯網和大數據的發展將迫使數據中心運營商徹底重新思考其基礎設施。
如今的數據中心正在經歷從以應用爲中心的數據中心模式的設計和運營轉型，以適應存儲和分析數據的大量涌入，同時滿足計算和存儲資源的需求。
由於這種轉變，數據中心將不得不將精力集中在可擴展性，連接性和可用性方面，因爲他們試圖提供必要的基礎設施來處理由物聯網驅動的數量龐大的大數據。
由於大數據和物聯網在組織部署和應用時間不長，因此其存儲的需求是不可預知的並且波動的，這迫使組織需要建立一個非常靈活的數據中心環境，這些環境必須適應性強。
企業通常存儲PB級或更多的數據其，設施必須是可擴展的，並且能夠立刻增加配置和容量，而無需關閉其他存儲系統。
新數據中心的架構和設計必須能夠快速提升按需提供的容量。
大數據和物聯網也是數據中心運營商重新考慮建設數據中心位置的機會，他們將不斷投資邊緣數據中心，使內容或Web應用程序更接近終端用戶，從而確保非常快速和安全地訪問所需的數據。
分佈式數據中心將確保快速和安全地訪問大數據，以及260億個具有網絡功能的設備，這些設備將日益成爲全球業務和個人生活的支柱。

Data center migration: Data Destruction Technology

Data center migration, data center to be concentrated area of information processing, produce huge amounts of data every day, and these data not only takes up a lot of storage space, also affect the application of computational efficiency.In fact, most of them are useless data in the data, garbage data or intermediate data calculation, data center saved these data and no benefits, there are some of the timeliness of data, outdated data, make the data in the data center storage devices in the sleeping, as clean out, saving storage space, so can greatly save cost of data center to improve production efficiency of data centers.How to destroy useless data, there is also a lot of knowledge here.

First, data quality is far more important than the amount of data, data center in order to increasing data and the practice of continuous investment in hardware and software, was a costly mistake, should pay attention to the effective data processing.On the surface, the amount of data data center growth is very rapid, global data volume is growing at 58% a year, less than two years has doubled, the speed will be faster in the future, most of these data are generated in the data center.Our data center is not possible to double the capacity expansion and every two years, so let the data volume growth, data center will soon fall in continuous expansion of the cycle, the result data center size bigger and bigger, and data center operations are not substantial growth, profit decline in data center.It's like being a fat man, always eating Fried chicken cokes, getting fatter and fatter, but actually the body's physical fitness is falling, and in the end, you can't do anything but proud flesh.Data cuts cannot be the burden of data centers, which should be cleaned when cleaned and destroyed when destroyed.
Second, we need to destroy the data, and figure out which data is useful and which data is useless.This is about to start from the data source, the incremental data in the data center, to classify the data, compile, store into the classification of storage space, for specific tag name of the data at the same time, through the name of the data is known about the content, so that as judgment criterion of the data is useless, if you are not clear when data records, then the later data destruction will not be able to do precise, not only inefficient, destroy data will likely also useful data destruction by mistake.Management of these data is very complex, involves data identification, cleaning, optimization, and so on, and the work it is cyclical, takes time and a certain human resources, and will not bring significant profits, is often overlooked.In fact, the effective storage of data will generate long-term and positive benefits to the business of the data center, and the earlier the benefit becomes obvious.
Third, the destruction of the data is not simply the removal of the deletion. The data destruction is also standard to follow.DOD's DOD 5220.22-m standard is the most widely used set of regulations, with many people using the DOD 5220.22-m as the standard for data clearance and destruction.There are several methods of destruction, which are related to the effect of destruction.General destruction is divided into soft destruction and hard destroy two kinds.Soft destruction is data destruction or data erasure by data coverage and other software methods.Hard disk data destruction is destroyed by means of physical and chemical methods to destroy the storage medium directly to achieve the purpose of complete hard disk data destruction.Soft destroyed generally will be destroyed, the data file is not the real disk area will wipe out data, operating system, due to considering the operators operating habits or wrong operation, data after the destruction of all kinds of situation very much, and many other factors, the delete command users use, just put the file directory entry do a delete tags, put them in the file allocation table occupied cluster cluster marked as empty, not to make any change data area is not do any of these information data erasure, data destruction operation, actually still occupy storage space, such data did not achieve the goal of saving storage space.So data center data destruction is hard to destroy, the storage space is actually released to store more meaningful data.Hard to destroy common methods: format hard disk, hard disk partition, file shredding software.Format is only for the operating system to create a new empty file index, all sectors is marked as "not used" state, data disposal data erasure that the operating system don't think the hard disk file, therefore, if the use of data recovery tools software can recover after formatting data in a data area, the formatting is advanced formatting, low-level formatting, quick format and partition formatted several.The destruction of low-level formatting is the most thorough, and it is difficult to recover the destroyed data through the software, and the storage space of the hard disk is fully released.Hard disk partition ways of destroying data, only changed the hard disk master boot record and system boot sector, most of the data area and has not been modified, not achieve the goal of data disposal data erasure.Crushing software is specially used to delete file to achieve data disposal data erasure, there have been many on the net, some anti-virus software also increased the function of data disposal data erasure, private data can be used to handle general, but cannot be used to handle with the classification of the data.The above method can destroy the data, but it is not safe enough, or it can be recovered by the malicious people and get the data to do wrong.Still have a kind of hard to destroy is using special degaussing hard drives or bending machine to thorough destruction of the data, either directly to demagnetization of hard disk, or bending of hard disk are destructive behavior, the hard disk will be damaged, not only can't restore data, hard disk cannot be used again, this kind of hard to destroy is often used to handle has failed hard drive, avoid faults in the hard disk to save the data to be bad reduction, holds the data to do bad things.
Timely to useless data in the data center for destruction, not only can save hard disk storage space, save operating cost for data center, can also improve safety, avoid some data leaks, bring security to the data center.Maybe some data to the data center or part of the data center user is useless, but that doesn't mean to all useless, the usefulness of data completely depends on what kind of the data on the environment, if these data are used by people will bring security hidden danger to the data center, so for the useless data must carry on the thorough destruction, don't let anyone takes, more can't let people have a chance to come to use.

Website design: is your creative vision deceiving the user experience?

Website design, when approaching design challenges, is easy to fall into aesthetics.
After all, skilled designers, choosing a unique font and reducing clutter, often show-off taste and artistic ability are part of the fun.

It's worth it to tell about part of a personal project.
No one would complain that the final result looks too good.
More likely, they will complain that the exquisite design is to sacrifice the user experience.
Just because the "end user" is the word "end" does not mean that the concerns of the users should only be regarded as the final project, the user experience should be the central concern about any designer who wants to work again.
To die by design is to live
Consider an extreme example: when Thomas Duncan first died of ebola in the United States and died in October 2014, the Texas hospital admitted that he had been misdiagnosed.
The doctor did not see the nurse's notes, indicating where he had recently started in west Africa.
This was Shared between nurses and doctors who had initially been blamed for an electronic health record (EHR) interface.
They claimed their EHR intuitive user interface and were responsible for the chaos, Duncan was discharged from hospital, returned, and later died in hospital.
Most design challenges do not mean the difference between life and death.
But they may alienate users by assuming that the risk is being created by the designer.
What is intuitive is that the world in which the interface is designed may not be as natural as lay-user.
To get to know you
It's not just a creative fantasy to know about competition between tech- users, or users and manufacturers.
To make the final product truly successful requires strong communication skills - most designers.
Is it a relief of creative differences and frustration that the user can't express his or her expectations, or a function
Work.
This sounds very difficult, and an effective designer must learn to listen, understand, and sometimes explain requests and requests.
That means listening, but also providing feedback.
Being a design expert does not mean that international shipping experts, medical or other clients may need your services.
However, it does mean that you know how to listen, give feedback, and collaborate to make sure you're asking, knowing and fulfilling.
Assume nothing
Your creative vision -- beautiful -- should never take into account the user experience and never assume that the user will see your design in the same way.
If so, you won't be offered a design.
The urge to fight will mean asking questions, doing research and driving people as well as being a designer.
It's natural to want to make assumptions, especially to prove that you've done what you want to do.
It is difficult to damage your eyesight during the construction, but remember that when you complete, you complete, the user, at the same time, live in your choice.
Double the effort
It takes a lot of forethought and creativity to create something attractive and functional, and for many people, combining these two features is enough of a challenge.
It's a distinction between full design, special design: understanding end users, and putting them first.
In the case of medical conditions, many different departments will interact with the same document, each with different needs and expectations, and you may have many paths.
Given the needs and desires of each user, it may feel that more work is more than just symmetrical, sexy interfaces that will bring jobs aside.
But the one-size-fits-all solution is not the solution, and they invite users to ask questions, of course.
Just depend on your experience, artistic eye, what is the standard or popular knowledge is less valuable than you of your users the ability of (sometimes, want to ask them if they need, and listen to their demands, and then ask what they want, and then listen to them.
Creative design is not about imposing your personality on every project, but rather finding a way to meet end users who must live and work.
There is no dispute
Personal taste - aesthetics can prejudice even the best designers to different elements or away from or tools.
Having a noble quality is great -- even desirable -- as long as it doesn't end up costing the end user just wants a simple, painless experience.
Children, in the end, will have to leave the nest and function in the real world.
Of course, your design projects are valuable, but they also have to function in the real world.
Give them a chance to communicate better.

如何確定數據中心工作負載和成本

數據中心，不斷變化的工作量和不斷升級的成本可能會迅速降低數據中心的效率和性能。
面對不斷變化的需求，企業的首席信息官和數據中心管理者需要保持清醒並需要了解這一切。

如果沒有進行容量規劃，用戶需求的突然上漲可能會使目前的系統陷入困境。
其結果將導致企業收入，生產力和客戶服務水平急劇下降。
數據中心管理人員需要具備預測週期性行業和客戶需求的洞察力，必須確保系統、服務能力和資源保持足夠的彈性以滿足客戶需求。
這需要從正確管理和優化基礎設施、應用程序和業務服務開始。
從被動到主動
很多數據中心在被動模式下運行，卻忽略了監測和警告，而用戶服務需求的突然上漲會導致其不堪重負。
如有必要，對數據中心的負載預測和報告應每週更新一次。
這使得數據中心管理人員能夠對實時的願景做出積極的反應，從而使其能力始終處於領先地位。
通過一個或兩個指標預測數據中心未來需求的努力總是失敗的。
管理人員需要更多瞭解的是數據中心當前和歷史的服務器配置和消耗的資源（如內存，CPU和存儲空間，以及用戶創建的業務）的深度。
評估這些數據可以爲數據中心管理人員提供需要添加或撤銷CPU以提高性能的預測性警告。
而只有很少或沒有歷史數據的服務器可能會導致結果偏差。
數據中心的工作負載的增長速度需要與資源消耗相互分離，這可能會影響預測。
其目標是確定數據中心的業務如何消耗資源，以及波動的市場如何驅動影響它們的變化。
這就是當前採用強大的分析工具所起的作用，讓管理人員能夠對週期性趨勢、基線變化、刪除異常情況，硬件升級（或降級）、成本費用，以及分組報告進行關聯分析。
採用這個級別的工具可以用在降低季節性需求高峯和其他不可預測的領域。
它可以提供急需的資金花費在購買可根據實際業務需求控制方面。
摒棄傳統的容量規劃
如果沒有正確的規劃工具，提交數據中心的資源是有風險的。
如今的模塊化、分佈式的基礎設施使傳統的容量規劃工作陷入緩慢的軌道。
爲確保資源與需求同步，數據中心必須實現預測的自動化，並實現每週甚至每日提交報告，必須對數據點和指標進行監測和分析，以便在任何給定的時間內預測容量和系統可用性。
管理人員必須能夠運行各種假設情景，以使他們瞭解數據中心中心需要降低成本和風險的確切要求。
管理人員能夠理解通過硬件遷移的數據孤島是至關重要的。
需要幫助劃分和顯示這些信息的工具，以便容量規劃人員利用組織可以戰略性使用的度量標準來對其進行監視。
更加精益高效的資產
毫不奇怪，許多數據中心正變成精益高效的資產，特別是在雲計算、託管和新興技術方面。
爲了充分利用這些技術，首席信息官將不得不越來越依賴強大的DCIM工具，這些都需要監視和優化圍繞較少人爲干預建立的新的數據中心工作環境。
可以理解的是，業務功能有不同可衡量的服務單元。
數據中心通常會根據用戶的需求啓用特定的容量單元。
管理人員藉助正確的DCIM工具可以不斷提高數據中心的成本效率。
其目標不是爲了減少支出，而是爲了獲得更多的性能。
對於給定數量的服務單元，支出可能會下降，但是其目標是改進每個工作負載的服務。

機房建置運維的水平發展路標

運維是機房建置的重要工作，機房建置一旦建成，後期要經歷一段漫長的運維期，期間不僅要保證業務的平穩運行，還要不斷對系統進行升級和擴容，以便數據中心可以不斷開展新的業務。

所以，數據中心對運維的工作都異常重視，運維的水平高低反映出了這個數據中心整體業務水平的高低。
隨着數據中心領域的蓬勃發展，對運維的工作提出了更高要求，運維的工作也需要持續改進，去適應新形勢，數據中心發展的需要。
本文就來詳細講一講數據中心運維的水平發展路標，看看高水平運維的工作體現在哪些方面。
數據中心運維的發展原則有兩個方面：一個是儘量不去依賴人去管理，要知道數據中心裏百分之八十的故障是人爲故障，人蔘與程度越高的工作出錯概率越高，反而機器永遠都按照預定的程序去執行，除非設備出了BUG，否則永遠都不會出錯，當然BUG也是人造的，所以往往一個數據中心自動化運維的水平越高，反而越安全，故障發生的概率更低；
另一個是要儘量避免發生故障，而不是事後諸葛，“亡羊補牢，爲之晚矣”，不要總去做亡羊補牢的事情，要把可能預知的風險消除掉，避免故障的發生。
故障發生後，迅速解決故障是一種能力，但不要過於依賴這個，不能什麼問題都要等到故障發生後纔去解決，早早就應該規避風險。
“覆水難收”，故障發生後給數據中心帶來的負面影響，往往要花更多的精力去修復，有時發生的故障是致命的，數據中心可能會從此一蹶不振，只能關門大吉了。
任何一個數據中心運維的工作，都要依照這兩個原則去發展，這樣才能不斷提升其數據中心運維的水平。
數據中心運維的水平高低也可以從兩個方面來看，一方面是運維效率，另一個方面是規範建立機制。
首先，在運維的效率方面，從低到高要經歷四個階段：一是全人工運維。
這種運維的方式適用於早期數據中心規模不大或者業務流量不大的情況，這類數據中心繫統複雜度不高，設備數量較少。
日常的業務運維操作，更多的是依靠手工逐臺登錄設備進行操作，缺少必要的操作標準、流程機制。
運維的人員個人經驗非常重要，可繼承性不強，數據中心要過度依賴個別的幾個運維的技術大牛來維持，其它人員操作犯錯概率會增高，同時工作效率底下；
二是工具化的運維。
這種運維的方式適用於較大規模的數據中心，運維的人員開始使用批量化的操作工具，針對不同操作類型出現了不同的腳本程序，需要做設備配置變更時，通過腳本程序統一執行，提升操作效率。
比如設備批量升級，可以提前寫好腳本程序，然後到了指定時間，腳本程序自動運行，將服務器上的軟件程序下載到設備上，然後執行升級命令，所有設備的執行步驟都一樣，可以大大節省人力，以往人工升級每晚只能升級幾臺設備，通過腳本一個晚上就可以將整個數據中心的設備升級完畢。
不過，每次操作需求都不同，需要不斷調整腳本工具，可程序化處理能力較弱，批量執行還可能導致更大規模的問題出現，此時仍需要人工監督腳本執行情況，發現腳本有問題及時調整，運維效率並不高；
三是平臺運維。
這種運維對運維效率和誤操作率有了更高要求，通過平臺承載標準、流程，進而解放人力和提高質量。
平臺運維對服務的變更動作進行了抽象，形成了操作方法、服務目錄環境、服務運行方式等統一的標準，通過平臺來約束操作流程；
四是自運維繫統。
這種運維適用於更大規模的服務數量、更復雜的數據中心繫統，是當前數據中心推崇的運維方式，極大地解放人力。
自運維繫統對服務變更進行抽象，由調度系統根據資源使用情況，將服務調度、部署到合適的服務器上，自動化完成與周邊各個運維繫統聯動，比如監控系統、日誌系統、備份系統等。
自運維的系統還具備發現故障，並自動消除故障的能力。
另一方面是規範機制的建立。
俗話說“沒有規矩，不成方圓”，數據中心裏也要立規矩，制定各種規章制定，並有效地執行下去，規範的建立同樣也要經歷從低到高的四個階段：一是無規範機制，整個數據中心運維的工作處於無序狀態，工作效率低下，這在一些小型的數據中心或機房普遍存在，過多規範制度反而顯得有些累贅；
二是建立規範人工約束，這個階段通過規範制度加強對人的管理，通過規範人的操作流程，從而減少人爲出錯的概率。
數據中心制定了一系列操作規範，哪些不能做，哪些可以做，哪些人能做哪些事兒等等，運維的人員要按照規範來執行；
三是完善規範，不斷對規範進行改進，防止出現管理漏洞，運維的工作開展遵從一系列規範制度，有理有據去做，提升數據中心的運維效率，對運維的人員獎罰分明，依據就是這些之前制定好的規範制度；
四是系統自動約束，此時數據中心已經完全採用自運維的系統方式，人工參與極少，所以以往制定的一系列規範制度成爲了廢紙，我們只要將標準的操作輸入給運維的系統即可，系統可以自我調整，自動運行完成，保證不會出現不符合規範操作的情況。
數據中心建設的規模越來越大，採用人工方式已不現實。
要將所有運維的工作都能走向自動化，減少人的重複工作，使我們的運維交付更高效、更安全。
數據中心運維的技術發展宗旨就是將人從複雜枯燥的運維工作中解脫出來。
數據中心的所有運維活動，均由人工處理變成系統自動實現。

Common problems of data center migration

Data center migration is not moving so simple, whether it can smoothly move, will become the key elements to ensure business continuity, the selection process of IDC data center will focus on the most suitable environment variables, how to define requirements, select the appropriate IDC provider and the actual negotiation to migrate to the new space details and other factors, need to be rigorous evaluation, look at from the preset data center migration to IDC data center note.

Common problems of data center migration
(1) the leadership is not clear
The most common mistake in the planning stage is the failure to establish clear leadership. This means determining who is responsible for clear communication and leading the team at all stages of the migration process. In a single department, the way to represent their best interests will be adopted by default. The project leader must be fair and fair, and he needs to understand and accurately reflect the goals and standards of success for each team. This person must also have good executive power and communication skills to keep everyone committed to the same goal.
(2) lack of a complete infrastructure assessment
The most common error in the exploration process is the lack of a complete infrastructure assessment. Especially for each rack and each device's document and its associated application. This assessment should pay attention to everything, including physical and virtual devices, network devices, network topology and so on. Don't take shortcuts to migrate too much information because there are no such devices.
Hints: including assessing the interdependence of business and technology. For example, applications, networks, and database servers, and other related applications must be migrated as a package.
(3) underestimation of migration time
In the actual migration process, a common mistake is not setting realistic time expectations. Production migration is essentially slower than testing migration because they need more care and attention to details.
Hint: use test migration to assess the actual migration time. You will be surprised to see how long it takes for some applications. Don't expect the migration process to wait.
(4) setting, (actually) forgetting
The most common mistake in the new infrastructure management process is to have "set (actually) but forget" mentality. Everyone was so excited that he would not be able to move immediately. At this point, make sure that the technology and business are steady, not missing any details.
Hint: after the completion of the migration, it takes at least some time within 48 hours to carry out active monitoring and support.
(5) think of great success
In the scale stage, the most common mistake is to lose momentum now that it is successful. These words may move beyond the annual plan of the enterprise in the process of migration, maintain the quarterly review, and formulate the plan of the special infrastructure needs.
The enterprise has just invested a lot of time, energy and money into a difficult process. Now do not lose power or no more attention to details because of the end of the migration. This is not the only mode of migrating to a data center, and these must not be the only wrong person to do. This is not the only mode of data center migration, and of course these errors are not all the mistakes people have made, but there are other mistakes. The most important thing here is that in the continuous update process, the technology, operational requirements, and experience of the enterprise are changing.

Why is the content experience most important in the website design?

Website design, often the content team and the design team work in a small space. Content experience is the core of a web site, and a good web site must have a high visibility and a good user experience.

What is the content experience?
Content experience refers to the content of the whole website and the "environment" of its life. Content experience includes not only assets (articles, resources, videos, photography, social media and distribution channels), but also navigation, language prompts users to take actions, and everything displayed on a page can be called content experience.
Successful content experience, all house builders must be on-site: content providers, user experience and user interface designers, developers, marketers, SEO experts and leading teams. "Content" is an omnibus term, which often means that different things are assigned to different teams.
Different content experiences can achieve different desired results. Words have different meanings, which can encourage or lead to different behavior or results. For example, "contact us", "contact" and "let us talk!" each sentence has its own meaning.
Is it the content of SEO optimization? Is the page named right? Key words research and analysis? Page response? Image ALT tag accessibility? Original content? Do you have a failure link? All these things will affect the index of your web site in the search engine. If you don't tell them how to get there, it's hard for users to find your "house".
It is easy to confuse the lack of consistency in design. Your content is the key to building trust with the user, usually the first step in the transformation. This is part of a huge overall content planning. Does the content affect the buyer's experience? The user arrives at different stages of the purchase process. The experience of the whole content can help them and make them satisfied no matter where they travel.
You may think that your message is, "in the United States our products are the best toothpaste brands. Four, five dentists agree! "But if the content is displayed in a non professional page, if you select the image from the Google download, instead of the original or legitimate purchase, if the text of the spelling mistakes or sounds very low, if the user cannot find the dentist who is actually or why this toothpaste is the best. You can convey to the user a very trustworthy information.
You tell your user that you don't pay attention to the details. You convey to them the wrong message that they are not worth the time to make a good impression. You tell them that you want to sell toothpaste more important than their desire to improve or maintain oral health.
A good content experience can turn users into fanatical fans. However, it can also have the opposite effect. Your product, it can affect the content of the opinion, the value of your company is even more. On the whole, this can improve your brand's trust. There are great content, excavated sites, even if there are a few spelling mistakes that do not prevent it from being accepted. To some extent, the user is willing to forgive these little mistakes.

配電系統：與數據中心技術一起發展演進

配電系統，幾十年來一直是數據中心配電架構的主要組成部分。
2011年到2015年，在企業將其數據中心外包給主機服務供應商或託管數據中心趨勢的帶動下，PDU、配電設備等技術的市場得到了迅速的發展。

容量爲75-225 kVA的PDU逐漸佔據了150-300 kVA PDU的市場空間。
在接下來的兩年中，容量爲400-650 kVA的PDU的應用將越來越普遍，一些託管數據中心甚至將會採用更高容量的PDU。
隨着市場競爭越來越激烈，託管數據中心的發展開始推動總體擁有成本（TCO），足跡/密度，資本支出，以及上市速度的提升和上漲。
如今，原始設備製造商（OEM）的技術進步使數據中心運營商在資本支出和空間方面受益匪淺，1 MVA 以上的PDU開始在大型數據中心的低壓配電架構中採用。
由於PDU的變壓器主要採用鋁材或銅材，生產廠商正在推出成本更低的採用K係數變壓器的PDU.另外，一些具有強大的磁性工程能力的製造商推出了多輸出變壓器的PDU，這種PDU具有在數據中心的客戶需求改變後，其輸出電壓可以在數分鐘內改變的優點和特性。
爲了更好地滿足客戶的安全需求，製造商對PDU的容量進行劃分。
這種劃分允許採用不同的電弧閃光的能量進行計算，以便維護人員在數據中心設備的低功率區域能夠更方便地進行操作。
它們還通過創新的機械和電氣設計來對斷路器或子饋電進行劃分，以便在增加電路時實現更高的安全性。
如今，PDU的可靠性越來越重要。
隨着要求的提高，PDU的功率輸出越高。
原始設備製造商（OEM）將溫度監測產品部署在PDU中，可以提供任何問題的預警。
此外，還部署紅外掃描設備進行紅外掃描，這種措施不會中斷正常操作，或讓維護人員面臨任何風險。
近年來，OEM廠商將客戶需求轉換爲定製設計PDU的能力得到了明顯的提高。
與容量爲75-300kVA的PDU不同，高功率的PDU總是需要進行定製設計，以適應每個數據中心的獨特架構和設計。
由於大功率的PDU需要定製，OEM廠商必須對其框架進行創新設計，並且設計的時間越來越短。
其他的技術創新還包括採用新材料和消除電弧的固態電子元件的斷路器。
但是，在其變得經濟可行之前，他們必須降低成本。
數據中心在其體系架構中所做的工作
一些規模非常大的數據中心正在考慮或已經採用非正統的配電架構。
其例子包括：
通過數據中心IT機架運行中壓設備，降低成本。
爲了降低故障電流。
使用大於8％的變壓器阻抗的設計，當需要功率非常高的PDU時，可採用這樣的設計。
採用基於電抗器的PDU，將可用的故障電流降低到10kA，並濾除諧波。
劃分安全的區域，提供"按需成長"的型號，這是在託管設施中常見的情況。
支持母線集成，優化設備機架的交直流設備。
擴展子饋線，支持更大容量的PDU。
在某些情況下，數據中心運營商發現需要消除PDU變壓器的諧波，因此採用不同的措施進行消除。
一般來說，只有規模較大的大型運營商纔會嘗試完全不同的配電架構。
如何選擇PDU供應商
數據中心選擇PDU供應商時，需要注意他們的這些屬性：具有強大的內部磁性工程能力，可幫助優化PDU以適應數據中心的設計；
垂直整合PDU OEM廠商具有製造內部變壓器的能力；
PDU供應商的變壓器和PDU中具有高可靠性的記錄；
包括在其架構中使用主要系統的數據中心的靜態開關（STS）的投資組合；
以及擁有自己的分支電路監控系統，能夠優化其與PDU的兼容性。
雖然PDU產品已經存推出了數十年，但它們的設計和製造方式正在改變，以滿足數據中心的更高需求。
隨着數據中心運營商的需求不斷髮展，專注於PDU生產以及優化PDU性能的周邊產品的供應商將在未來一直保持持續的發展。

機房建置專家領域的工作要求

教育要求取決於特定組織，例如機房建置的規模、員工數量和其他問題。
一般來說，數據中心專家應該期望擁有一門技術學科的副學士學位，儘管一些較大的組織可能更願意獲得學士學位。

諸如計算技術行業協會的A +和Server +等供應商通用行業認證可以幫助潛在的候選人，但這些認證通常不是任職要求。
通常不需要以供應商爲中心的認證（如思科認證數據中心專家），因爲供應商認證通常集中在特定平臺上，並且可能與特定業務的相關性存在限制。
儘管數據中心專家不需要工程級別的管理技能，但他們應具備中級Windows和Linux知識，並具備對這些操作系統進行部署、配置、優化、管理、監控以及故障排除的能力。
有關虛擬化工具的知識，例如在Windows的Hyper-V或在基於內核的Linux虛擬機方面的知識也是有幫助的。
數據中心專家還應該熟練掌握各種工具。
諸如PowerShell 6.0之類的腳本工具通常只是一個最低的入門點，專家們應該展示更多其他各種平臺方向上的能力，例如資產管理、幫助桌面、應用程序和系統監控、設施管理和文檔生成工具。
最後，成功的數據中心專家無法忽視工作的部分物理層面。
時間表通常是波動的，數據中心專家定期輪班，爲緊急維護和操作呼叫提供通話的可用性。
有關職責還包括一定程度的體力勞動，如重型設備在安裝過程中的移動、遷移還有修理的操作。
跳出思維的限制
除了角色和技能之外，任何數據中心專家最重要也是最容易忽視的一項特性就是幫助IT能夠適應不斷變化的業務需求。
簡單地採用通用的最佳實踐清單，實施千篇一律的體系結構或固定選擇供應商的品牌將無法實現創新。
能夠將業務需求提升到比工作安全、品牌忠誠度和個人技術偏好更重要地步的數據中心專家將最終在IT行業取得成功。

Data center migration - how to move towards the green data center

Data center migration, cloud computing data center involves resource space, electricity, water resources and other factors. There is no doubt that the data center has caused great pressure on the local ecosystem. Turning the data center into an environmentally friendly data center is not a simple task, as many data center providers know. However, environmental sustainability is not only consistent with various regulatory norms, but also to ensure the sustainability of its own business.
The US Department of energy Laurence Berkeley National Laboratory released a report in 2016. It estimated that the data center accounted for nearly 2% of the total energy consumption in the United States, though the number is not surprising. But with the development of cloud computing, the number of data centers will only increase. That means more energy emissions. Data center providers must reduce carbon emissions from data centers and develop as much as possible to the green data center.

How to go to the green data center:
1. using a variable frequency driver: a variable frequency driver (VFD) is a device installed on a air-cooled chiller to improve efficiency. It helps to reduce the speed of the cooler in the non peak time, thus reducing the energy consumption.
2. follow the heat guide: the American heat, refrigeration and air conditioning engineer Society (ASHRAE) has issued a number of heat guides when setting up a data center. Many of the key points are to optimize the internal equipment to achieve the best use of resources, including reducing the cooling power.
3. use channel containment: This is a technology to prevent the mixture of cold air from the supply side of the data center and the hot air on the exhaust side. It involves the use of physical barriers and significantly improves the cooling efficiency.
4., Virtualization: virtual servers are a good substitute, because they help reduce the number of physical servers, thereby saving space, cost and energy usage. Using this method, multiple server instances can be allowed to run on a single machine, thereby reducing energy output immediately.
5. upgrading personal computers: the latest products in the PC market, which provide environment-friendly models, such as "thin client computers", will not use electricity as traditional computers do.
6. use the rack blanking panel: these panels are used to create the contained rack environment. They basically eliminate the gap in the server rack, thus improving the capacity of the cooling unit, thus improving the cooling efficiency.
7. control cooling: it is a good idea to track the cooling requirements according to the external weather. For example, on cool days, close some coolers and compressors and rely on outside air conditioning to effectively reduce the temperature of the data center.
Using these means is just the first step towards the green data center. Now many data center providers or cloud providers are trying to promote the progress of green data center, including many technological innovations.

The importance of the layout of the website design

Website design is a lot of things that businesses are doing now. Enterprise website is a platform for website building and image propaganda on the Internet, which is equivalent to an enterprise's network card. We can better promote the company to the outside world, increase the exposure probability of the network, so as to get more users.

Important things, of course, need to be treated seriously, the layout of the site is very important when making a website. Because users stand at the user's point of view, I hope I can find what I want, and I can understand your information and products more clearly and intuitively.
1: what we have prepared in the early stage is that the concept of the navigation directory of the website is clear, and the user can search for important information conveniently.
2: the first page is the best need for news columns, because in SEO optimization is very important, home page has columns, can increase the search engine for our articles and website snapshot update. Whenever the search engine crawls on our website, there are new articles appearing on the front page and contents updated, so that search engines can help you update snapshots and improve the ranking of websites.
3: the home page keyword density is also a late SEO optimization to the search engine and a person, to pay more attention to the key words words, but not too high keyword density, SEO optimization is the best keyword density is between 2%-8%, the 2 key words can appear in general. If the page is long and the text is a lot of words, you can have more than 4 key words, if not, there are 2 key words.
4: Links general at the bottom, which is for the site itself has the benefits of improving rankings, exchange chain with other companies, if no other company can link your website, then do not link to others, because it will help you to share your weight in other sites.
5: good image display, whether it is the home page of the banner product pictures or articles or pictures, must focus on the user's browsing, picture size, clear ambiguity, deformation and so on, are website design need to pay attention to the general design, a good time is not a problem, the main is the user's late changes, may not be properly, so the need to pay attention to.
When this kind of preparation is done, whether it is the operation of the later website or the experience of the user, the customer and the website can be well impressed.

“冷通道模氣流遏制系統”在數據中心機房中的應用

對於採用冷通道模氣流遏制系統與未採用氣流遏制措施的傳統數據中心相比,氣流遏制解決方案能夠消除熱點,提高節能效果,對已有數據中心來說,最佳氣流遏制解決方案取決於數據中心的約束條件,下面本文講解“冷熱通道氣流遏制系統”在數據中心機房中的應用,以及數據中心的各種約束條件,提供了確定最佳氣流遏制解決方案的建議。

對於熱通道氣流遏制系統,因爲可以取得最好的節能效果,所以倍受青睞,而對於採用高架地板作爲氣流分配方式的已有數據中心,冷通道氣流遏制系統則更簡單易行,經濟高效。數據中心氣流遏制策略能夠大幅提高傳統數據中心製冷系統的可預測性和效率,事實上大多數已有數據中心由於受各種條件的制約,只能採用某些類型的氣流遏制策略。
冷熱通道氣流遏制能爲數據中心帶來如下一些重要益處:
(1)通過防止熱點的出現可以提高可靠性。氣流遏制可以防止冷熱氣流混合,從而爲它設備提供均勻的,更低的進氣溫度,從而減少熱點的發生。
(2)通過消除熱迴風再循環,能夠提高機櫃功率密度。對於一個未採用氣流遏制措施的傳統高架地板數據中心來說,機櫃功率密度一般保持在平均6千瓦/機櫃以下,以防止它設備排出的熱風再循環重新進入它設備。通過採用氣流遏制以及密封孔洞,切斷了熱風再循環的路徑,因此機櫃的功率密度可以提高,而且不必擔心熱點的威脅。
(3)通過增大經過冷卻裝置空氣的“溫差”(冷送風與熱迴風之間的溫差)來提高製冷能力。在一個未採用氣流遏制措施的傳統高架地板數據中心內,製冷裝置所供應的冷風中,因爲存在一些泄漏通道,其中50%以上的冷風會繞過它設備直接返回製冷裝置,在採用氣流遏制系統後,供應的冷風將被直接直接送入它設備,吸收熱量並將這些熱量輸送到製冷裝置。排氣溫度越高,製冷裝置的溫差將越大,可以將製冷能力提高20%,甚至更高。
(4)因爲採用了氣流遏制系統,可以有效隔離冷熱氣流,所以能夠關閉多餘的製冷裝置,從而提高了製冷系統的節能,另外,自然冷卻的時間也得以延長,也就是說,當室外溫度低於室內溫度時,製冷系統的壓縮機不必工作就能將熱量排到室外。
部署氣流遏制系統的兩種方法:
冷氣流遏制與熱氣流遏制是實施氣流管理策略的兩種方法,與未採用氣流遏制的傳統架構相比,它們都能夠實現大幅節能,那麼,我們爲什麼要從它們當中選擇其一呢?爲什麼不能同時採用冷熱氣流遏制,並將設施的其它區域採用樓宇通風系統進行冷卻呢?除了它機櫃位於比較惡劣的環境外(比如生產車間),同時採用冷熱氣流遏制並不會帶來多少好處。採用其中一種就足以防止冷熱氣流的混合。

機房建置信息安全的等保與分保

機房建置中的信息安全問題已經成爲人們關注的焦點中的焦點,如何讓人們安心地將自己的私密信息放到數據中心中去,消除心中疑慮,仍有很多工作要做。從數據中心角度來講,只能不斷地加強對自身信息安全的管理,保護數據中心的各類信息不受泄露或損壞。在這裏,在國家層面也制定了相應的標準做參考,強制性地要求各信息中心單位能夠遵守各項信息安全規定,提升整體的信息安全防護措施。8月16日,安徽網警依法查處一起違反網絡安全等級保護制度的案件,因蚌埠懷遠縣教師進修學校網站因網絡安全等級保護制度落實不到位,遭黑客攻擊入侵,安徽省公安廳對學校進行了處罰,同時約談了當地分管的副縣長。這件事情之所以受到廣泛關注在於處罰力度,以往這類事件也偶有發生,但並沒有相應的處罰,大家總是覺得這類事情不算個事兒。實際上,國家早就頒佈了相關法案,只是在執行上多采用警告,約談的方式,實際進行處罰的並不多,這次顯然國家加大了處罰力度,對不符合安全要求的就要堅決處理。說到這兒,數據中心信息安全處罰依據有兩個方面國家制度:等級保護和分級保護,從事信息交互的單位要遵守這些制度,觸犯了就要受到處罰。

等級保護全稱是信息安全等級保護,2003年由中辦,國辦轉發《國家信息化領導小組關於加強信息安全保障工作的意見》提出實行信息安全等級保護,建立國家信息安全保障體系的明確要求,公安部又頒佈了《信息安全等級保護管理辦法》。在2009年,公安部聯合國家保密局、國家密碼管理局、國務院信息化工作辦公室發佈《關於組織開展2009年度本市重要信息系統等級保護工作的通知》,可見國家層面對信息安全是非常重視了,不斷加強健全信息安全方面的法律法的規,加強信息安全方面的管理。等級保護按照破壞性,影響力分爲五級:一級(自主保護),二級(指導保護),三級(監督保護),四級(強制保護),五級(專控保護)。其中,一二級一般不影響國家安全,但三級及以上就有可能對國家安全造成損害。等級保護的對象是涉及國計民生的重要信息系統和通信基礎信息系統,自然包括那些中大型數據中心,而不論它是否涉密。公安機關是等級保護工作的主管部門,負責信息安全等級保護工作的監督,檢查,指導。我們打開一個正規的網站,在網站的下方都會有“X公網安備XXXX號”的字樣,證明此網站經過了公關機關的審覈,已經頒發了等級保護備案證明,大家可以放心使用和訪問,對於那些沒有經過公關機關備案的,多半是釣魚網站或黑網站,不要訪問和使用這類網站。國家保密工作部門,國家密碼管理部門負責等級保護工作中有關保密工作和密碼工作的監督,檢查,指導,國信辦及地方信息化領導小組辦事機構負責等級保護工作部門間的協調,涉及國家祕密信息系統的等級保護監督管理工作由國家保密工作部門負責。
分級保護是中央保密委員會於2004年12月下發的《關於加強信息安全保障工作中保密管理若干一件》明確提出要建立健全涉密信息系統分級保護制度,2005年12月國家保密局下發了《涉及國家祕密的信息系統分級保護管理辦法》,同時,《保密法》修訂草案也增加了網絡安全保密管理的條款。分級保護分爲祕密級,機密級和機密級(增強),絕密級三個等級。三個等級對應等級保護的三四五級。分級保護由國家保密局來管理,推廣帶有強制性。分級保護定級是依據信息的重要性,以信息最高密級確定受保護的級別。涉密數據中心建設使用單位將涉密信息定級和建設使用情況,上報業務主管部門和保密工作機構和負責數據中心審批的保密工作部門備案,並接受保密部門的監督,檢查和指導。定級要素是數據中心內處理的最高密級的數據。簡單地講,如果數據中心存在機密級和祕密級文件,那麼數據中心爲機密級。另外,還有一個規定是,如果機密級數據中心中處理的數據涉及軍工,國防等領域,需要按機密增強進行防護。由保密局檢查監督。
從以上介紹中不難發現,等級保護和分級保護具有明顯不同。主管單位不同,等級定義也不同,依據標準不同等等。大部分的數據中心都要經過等級保護,而只有很少的數據中心需要分級保護審覈備案。等級保護是國家從整體上,根本上解決國家信息安全問題的辦法,進一步確定了信息安全發展的主線和中心任務,提出了總體要求。對數據中心實行等級保護是國家法定製度和基本國策,是開展信息安全保護工作的有效辦法,是信息安全保護工作的發展方向。而分級保護則是國家信息安全等級保護在涉及國家祕密信息的數據中心中特殊保護措施與方法。由於國家祕密信息與公開信息在內容和特性上有着明顯的區別,所以涉密的數據中心和公衆信息的數據中心在保障安全的原則,系統和方法等方面也有不同的要求。既不能用維護國家祕密信息安全的辦法去維護國家公衆信息安全,以至於影響信息的合理利用,阻礙信息化的發展,也不能用維護公衆信息安全的辦法來維護國家的祕密信息安全,以至於竊密,泄密事件的發生,危害國家的安全和利益,同樣影響信息化的健康發展。說到底,還是兩種保護標準的出發點不同,面向的對象也不同,數據中心要根據自己處理信息的安全去考慮做等級保護還是分級保護的審覈和備案,公安機關和保密局也會根

Data center migration - migration of infrastructure

The data center migration, according to the survey agency, is expected to increase three times in the next five years. By 2020, Internet of things (IOT) devices will be popularized in a wider range. It is expected to reach 30 billion units, and the bandwidth of enterprise data center will be overburdened in the near future. The same is true of the same data center hosting facilities, and the growth of the enterprise's own construction data center is almost always exponential.
Needless to say, data center managers must face some very serious challenges: the need for higher speed and channel delay performance of ultra low application; increase support leaf and spine network port density; and the enterprise can find a way to improve the availability of the network method, at the same time reduce the cost.

For many data center managers, the answer is to migrate their infrastructure, either updating over time, or replacing them all in order to support new speed, delay and port density requirements. Is this necessary for all data center facilities? Not at all。
On the one hand, people cannot ignore the staggering current and future trends in data use, and will not be stable in the foreseeable future. Therefore, when the infrastructure migration is a problem that happens. On the other hand, each data center facility has some very unique business needs, stakeholder expectations and technical considerations.
According to reports from the industry media, Equinix has acquired Telecity Group on a global scale for $3 billion 600 million, and has obtained more than 40 data centers in Europe. At the same time, apple, Microsoft and Google are investing in data center facilities in Ireland, Holland and Scandinavia. Large suppliers and companies in the United States are strengthening ties with the Atlantic end-users, and IBM recently opened two cloud data centers in London. Therefore, the migration of infrastructure has become a matter of time. So, if not now, then when is the correct migration time?
Pay attention to the standard. One of the requirements for the formulation of new standards is to demonstrate the necessity and feasibility of the new standards. In other words, if there is not much market demand, organizations like IEEE, TIA, and ISO generally do not start the recommended standards. So if a standard is being developed, it can be determined that there is enough market demand in the standardized market.
What is the cost of sticking to the operation? If the enterprise decides to delay the migration data center, then the decision must be clear and clear. New or sudden changes in market dynamics may increase bandwidth demand overnight. With the growth of data center requirements, how does this impact the enterprise infrastructure, and how can it affect manageability and potential downtime? All these problems require careful consideration by the management of the data center.
The bottom line is that the enterprise's data center needs to play its specific role. It is faster to migrate, so Yan need to ask yourself this simple question: "the development of our physical layer does not interfere with the business?"

How do you become an excellent website designer?

If you are a website design, have you experienced it in a period of time and feel that you are stagnant. Even if you run away from the designer's industry, there are other problems waiting for you. You don't seem to be able to create the design you want. You finally always create the same design. The picture is different, but the layout, the feeling of output is the same.

I feel that others do better than you do. You look around and you'll see all the other designers create beautiful and wonderful things. And then you see your job frustrating. Common designers rely on inspiration. How to become a better designer? The answer is not to repeat and repeat the creative design, but to be a better designer by less design.
Because you are creative and malnourished. If you don't get what you need in the designer industry. As a designer, you will create beauty, order, harmony, and direction. The vision you expect. If you don't have what you need, it's hard. How do you become a good designer? Save anything that you find attractive. Add it to your collection. I didn't encourage you to steal other people's work illegally. What I want to say is that you copy their work in private and learn.
Add your personal connections to your prosperity. The details you have copied are added to the project. Change them and turn them into something else. When you change the design internalization. Learn how to use the various styles, how to make up for errors and differences, and learn the style of others. As a designer, you should eat all the knowledge as a food. Then, mix the things you accept to become your own. Combine your conversions and merge them together, and you create something new.
To some extent, you have to design something.
It's true。 If you want to be better, you have to build or create something. But the quality depends on your design for you to eat "food". The more you eat, the easier it is to execute. Creativity is not a lot in the designer industry.

光纖系統,綜合佈線中如何規範跳線管理

光纖系統，對於綜合佈線來說,電信間及設備間是數據,語音、圖像三類業務的匯聚地,其重要性不言而喻。但是對於它們的整體設計,設備定型,硬件配置,施工維護等各方面下足了功夫。
但是,施工方往往會忽略了電信間及設備間裏面數量最多的設備維護和安裝保障——電纜,光纖跳線,而忽略這個問題,會給我們的機房管理工作帶來很多麻煩,因此本文認爲有必要針對跳線進行正確地管理操作。

一般來說,合理的跳線管理可分爲5個階段:計劃,準備,配線、測試,驗證跳線操作規範
1、計劃
預則立,不預則廢,做任何事都需要事先做好詳盡地計劃。針對跳線管理來說,應做好現在和未來的需求規劃。
(1.1)變更請求。各種管理活動,移動,添加或更改(MAC)均始於變更請求。變更請求必須含有啓動規劃程序的所有必要信息。
(1.2)搜索記錄。收到請求表後,應對記錄進行搜索,以確定所用電路路徑。
(1.3)正確路由。確定正確的跳線長度前,首先要找出待連端口之間的最佳路由。通常爲通過水平和垂直纜線導管的最短路由,而且不得阻礙或妨礙配線架中的其他跳線或連接器。選擇跳線,應避免過度鬆弛,確保外觀整潔。跳線太緊會增大對連接器的拉力,而過度鬆弛則會給跳線管理帶來麻煩,增加配線架的管理難度。
2,準備
做好跳線管理的計劃後,那就應按照事先做好的計劃,接着就應做好跳線管理的準備工作。在實施管理操作之前儘量多做準備,研究管理記錄。確定需要連接和重新連接端口的位置及相關端口的標籤信息。
(2.1)先檢查需要跳線的型號,然後再檢查該跳線的質量情況。爲了確保跳線質量正確無誤,就需檢查跳線是否損壞,爲了檢查其是否損壞,當然先可從跳線外觀來查看,如果有條件的話,可用專業的儀器檢查。
(2.2)接着檢查需要連接部位的情況,以此來避免連接部位的物理損壞。
(2.3)最後需要對跳線接頭和連接部位的清潔。
對光纖連接器的清潔有接觸式和非接觸式兩種方法:
接觸式清潔方法:
(1)擦拭紙及無水酒精,採用原生木漿配以特殊加工工藝,超低粉塵,質地純淨,高效吸水,紙張細膩,不會刮花被插拭物表面,用低塵擦拭紙配合無水酒精對光纖連接器進行擦拭;
(2)無紡布,不產生纖維屑,強韌,不帶有任何化學雜質,絲般柔軟,不會引起過敏反應,而且不易起毛和掉毛,是作爲光纖連接器或插針生產或測試時清潔用擦拭布的理想選擇,在使用過程中要配合無水酒精對光纖連接器進行擦拭。
(3)清潔棉籤,專門設計用於陶瓷套管內部清潔,或者用於清潔法蘭盤(或適配器)內不易到達的插芯端面;
(4)專業清潔器,光纖連接器專用清潔器採用專用成卷的擦拭帶,裝在可捲動的外殼中,無需酒精,每次清潔都非常有效併產生一個全新表面,方便實用。
非接觸式方法:
(1)超聲波清洗法,它將清潔液變成超聲“液柱”送到連接器端面,並在同樣小的空間內將廢液回收並吸乾淨;
(2)高壓吹氣法,它的原理是在連接器端面先塗上清潔液,然後用高壓氣對準連接器端面吹;
(2.4)檢查光纖連接器清潔情況
清潔完光纖連接器後,都必須對端接面進行檢查。一般做法是使用100200倍或400倍的放大鏡進行檢查,下圖是顯示出光纖端接面在清淨的狀態和被污染後的狀態。
跳線管理人員,不管用何種方法,對於一些嚴重污染的連接器還是很難清洗乾淨的,需要配合使用棉花棒及酒精等清洗液加以處理。
經過這一系列的準備工作,那意味着跳線管理的配線工作即可展開。
3、配線
配線架的安裝,應根據操作規程完成各個階段的任工作。跳線施工中紐結,毛刺,箍縮和接觸不良均有可能大幅降低跳線性能。若要避免此類問題,應重點考慮以下因素:
(1)彎曲半徑
跳線允許的最小彎曲半徑需要遵守跳線廠商的操作規範。
標準規定,非屏蔽雙絞線(UTP)的最小彎曲半徑應爲纜線直徑的四倍,屏蔽雙絞線則爲纜線直徑的八倍。2芯或4芯水平光纜的最小彎曲半徑爲大於25毫米,如果彎曲半徑小於此標準,則可能導致導線的相對位置發生變動,從而導致傳輸性能降低。
(2)跳線拉伸及應力
配線過程中,請勿用力過度,否則可能加大對跳線和連接器的應力,從而導致性能降低。
(3)捆紮
跳線不一定都需要捆紮,如果捆紮需要遵守廠商的捆紮原則,不要捆紮過緊,否則會引起對絞線變型。請勿過分擰緊線夾,應以各條跳線能自由轉動爲宜,請使用專用產品,考慮選擇無需工具即可反覆使用的產品,如尼龍粘扣帶。
4、測試
(1)雖然經過了跳線配線完成,但可能並非認爲該光纖鏈路或銅纜鏈路是否完全符合操作規範或者綜合佈線國際和國家標準,那就應該進行光纖或銅纜測試,只有在符合測試標準後,纔可斷定是否通過測試標準。
5、驗證
(1)花些時間對連接進行最後可視化檢查是值得的。確保跳線鬆弛處未紐結,未被機櫃門夾住。
(2)最後一步是根據現用配置更新記錄,關閉與已經執行完畢的變更請求相關的工單。
現在跳線已經是綜合佈線系統中重要的組成部分之一,尤其是數據中心項目中跳線的良好管理操作,就顯得尤爲突出,相信只要通過施工管理人員正確合理地跳線管理操作,必將使得整個綜合佈線成爲真正意義上先進性,科學性,實用性、可靠性的系統。
隨着數據中心大量應用10 g / 40 g / 100 g網絡,現場跳線的安裝與管理變得越來越重要,跳線管理的好壞有時影響整體的通道衰減,良好的管理保證光纖通道數據傳輸處於最佳的狀態,流程化的操作如計劃,準備,配線、測試,驗證這幾步操作與管理對保證系統質量將具有重要意義。

述說機房建置交換機的重要性能指標-緩存

交换机是機房建置不可缺少的网络设备，在数据中心里发挥着重要作用。在平时使用和采购时，大多数都关注交换机的背板带宽、端口密度、单端口速度、协议特性等方面的性能指标，很少有人去关注缓存指标，这是一个常常被人所忽略的指标。其实，缓存是数据中心交换机的重要性能参数，是衡量一款交换机设备性能高低的重要指标。交换机的缓存和通常的缓存概念不同，通常缓存指的是当某一硬件要读取数据时，会首先从缓存中查找需要的数据，如果找到了则直接执行，找不到的话再从内存中找，显然缓存中的数据查找速度比内存中要快得多，这是一个处于CPU内部的一块内存地址空间。而在交换机上，缓存就是数据交换的缓冲区，有时又叫做包缓冲区大小，是一种队列结构，被交换机用来协调不同网络设备之间的速度匹配问题。突发数据可以存储在缓冲区内，直到被慢速设备处理为止。交换机有三种转发模式：直通转发、存储转发和无碎片转发，用的最广泛的是存储转发模式。其实不管是哪种转发模式，都要用到缓存，只不过直通转发只解析报文的前几个字节就进行转发，存到缓存里的数据量小，转发速度快，但因没有对整体数据做校验，容易转发错误报文。大部分交换机的片上缓存都不大，一般都是几MB到几十MB，虽然单端口带宽在不到十年的时间里从1G发展到了100G，但缓存并没有很大提升，如果一个100G端口出现突发流量，十几MB就会出现丢包，显然在实际应用中会有限制，除非明确应用流量上不要有突发流量。

那么有人会有疑问，既然缓存这么重要，那为何不做的大一些？其实以现有的芯片集成技术应该不难实现。的确，缓存理论上可以通过芯片工艺设计放大，但是过大的缓存会影响正常通信状态下数据包的转发速度，因为过大的缓冲空间需要相对多一点的寻址时间，并增加设备的成本，在一些对延迟要求比较高的应用场景中，缓存过大反而会起反作用，所以不能简单地去扩大缓存，要在缓存和延迟两个方面做取舍，“鱼和熊掌不可得兼”。当然，随着技术的进步，在尽量不增加延迟的情况下，也可以不断提升交换机的缓存能力。受制于时钟、总线带宽的能力，缓存性能难以大幅提升，考虑到功耗、成本的平衡，缓存容量也不会大幅增加。有的交换机还在交换芯片外部挂了一个DRAM缓存，用来提升交换机的缓存能力，这样延迟可能会更大，但缓存可以做得很大，达到1G以上。缓存十分重要，但我们究竟需要多大的缓存，却没有正确答案。巨大的缓存意味着网络不会丢弃任何流量，同时也意味着网络延迟的增加，具体要根据数据中心的业务来选择。比如在搜索业务中，一次搜索要在海量数据库里寻找结果，容易产生网络突发流量，甚至造成网络拥塞，在这样的网络业务中就需要部署缓存大的交换机设备；在金融领域，尤其是股票证券交易网络中，差一个纳秒都可以带来巨大收益或者损失，这样的领域对网络延迟要求非常高，不允许出现拥塞，也就不需要多少缓存，有的金融数据中心还要求使用低延迟交换机，转发延迟控制在纳秒级。
缓存通常都是因为网络接口速率不同造成的，流量突然爆发或者多对一的流量传输。最常见的问题是多对一的流量突然变化。例如，某个应用程序搭建在多个服务器集群结点上。如果其中某个结点同时请求来自其他所有结点的数据，那么所有答复应该在同一时间到达。这种情况发生时，所有网络流量洪水会涌向请求者的交换机端口。如果交换机没有足够的出口缓冲区，那么它可能会抛弃一些流量，或者增加应用程序延迟。足够的网络缓冲区可以防止因为低级别协议造成的丢包或网络延迟。缓存对交换机来说是一个整体的概念，整个交换芯片共享缓存，每个端口分多少都是可以调整的，交换机上对这些缓存是有管理的，于是就出现了两种模式：QOS模式和FC模式。硬件上对每个报文都要存储后，处理完再转发，但存储空间都是有限的，因此当缓存不足时，就会出现丢包。QOS模式下，发生拥塞时不会发出流控帧，但可以对端口上不同优先级的流量进行调度，一定要丢包，优先丢掉优先级低的包，通过设置相关配置，可以做到选择性丢包。

Data center migration, block chain application trend

Data center migration and block chain are mainly running in the cloud, but some hardware vendors have considered how to use block chains in data centers, though few applications are currently available.

Block chains may soon be transferred from the cloud to the enterprise data center. Block chain is a new technology, which does not require the central authority to track digital assets. It is mainly run in the public cloud. Now, cloud computing vendors have begun to explore how to run block chain hardware on the support of the enterprise's own IT infrastructure.
"It's very meaningful for me because I want to use block chaining instead of transaction engine and database," Patrick Moorhead, President and chief analyst of Moor Insights Strategy, Austen, Texas, said.
In recent months, the HP (HPE) company has taken action to bring the benefits of the block chain for direct control of the enterprise. Earlier this month, CISCO joined the Hyperledger project Council, mainly to improve the management and interoperability of network devices. At the DELL EMC World Conference in May this year, big hardware vendors had little mention of block chain technology.
Last week, Microsoft Corp and Intel launched the Coco framework, which uses Intel hardware to run block chains on Microsoft Azure. According to the two companies, it is designed to operate locally or in the cloud and is compatible with any ledger agreement.
Based on Peter Harris, co-founder and research director of Chain Business Insights, Austen, Texas, most of these efforts are still at an early stage, and many suppliers do not have so much expertise.
Moorhead said, IBM is the leader of the early block chain, which is the reason it has many financial services and retail customers, run applications trading volume is large, but the HPE company has many airlines and drug companies and customers, the transaction is similar to that of some of the projects include an internal deployment component to block the chain of hardware deployment.
For example, the digital trade chain association, composed of seven European banks, has established a trade financing platform using the IBM block chain and the Hyperledger Fabric. Keith Bear, vice president of global financial services at IBM, said five of them used the IBM cloud platform, and the other two banks were built in their own data centers.
Bear says it doesn't need anything special for banks to run the technology in a local data center. It can be built on both the hardware and the x86 architecture. The only reason for using block chains in the IBM cloud platform is to configure the enterprise's own cloud strategy or the IT team in the local deployment data center.
All the banks of the alliance have agreed to use core block chain functions in the internal system. The digital trade chain association uses the IBM high security service network (HSIB) in the data center of the LinuxONE based IBM cloud to serve all alliance members. HSBN is the security infrastructure for the basic element of the block chain. Bear indicates that parts of the local block chain must be combined with block chain API, monitoring and logging services and hosting services.
Raphael Davison, the global head of HPE, said HP (HPE) has already conducted a pilot project with the Bank of Commonwealth of Australia to invest in the block chain.  However, enterprise implementation of block chain production deployment tends to use a public cloud or a common infrastructure, and wants to know why it does not expand.
Davison said, "if an application is run on the general hardware, the Java virtual machine will die out, and the transaction will not go through, it will only disappear."
Davis says that HPE's strategy to support block chains is the technology acquired by buying Tandem companies in 2003. Tandem is famous for its NonStop transaction processing technology, which is usually used in financial applications.
"If I have a data center, I'll let these transactions run in the data center, and now they are running in NonStop." Moorhead said.
The block chain running in the local data center should not affect the IT application
Harris shows that block chain software is not significantly different from other enterprise data center applications, but there is no specific reason, that is, block chain can also run in cloud data center. The IT leader will make the same decision on the way the database or ERP run, and consider factors such as security, performance, and manageability.
"The company has decided to get a more controllable environment," Harris said.  There are certain markets that are looking for a block chain running in the enterprise data center, and now they are looking for help to do that. "
David Linthicum, senior vice president of cloud computing technology partners, said almost all Financial Services Company have adopted block chain, but not yet widely deployed.
In fact, the application of an enterprise data center to push the block chain comes from hardware vendors, rather than driven by customer interest. He stressed that the distribution and complexity of block chains could lead to performance problems in enterprise networks.

Website design is to seize the strategy to build a brand website

Website design, from the beginning of the last few years, the number of domestic commercial websites sustained rapid growth, many enterprises to establish a network image through the construction site, to make products and services for every enterprise, also comply with the website design website planning standards, hope to attract the attention of consumers. At present, the annual growth rate of commercial websites is over 40%. Although the number of commercial websites so huge, e.g. high growth, but every year because of a loss which led to the closure of the commercial sites reached 40%, and only 22.54% commercial sites to profit expectations, 41.25% commercial sites just entered a period of profitability, insisting that the 41.25% commercial websites need to realize the true meaning of profit for a long time.

In all the profitable business websites, the income scale of the industries such as comprehensive, game, home building materials and chemical industry is the largest. According to the survey, in the use of the network, the income of the largest industry influence brand image in the network, in the network, integrated brand image, good game, decoration materials and chemical companies will dominate the consumer brand, but also led consumers to buy the brand in the network products.
The future trend of network development is very rapid, the relationship between growth and enterprise of a commercial website brand long-term profitability is inseparable, so we should seize the strategy to build the website brand in the production site, to let the enterprise rapid development, and the period to the long-term survival and profitability, is that companies need to make communication and the profits of two things, the more talent has a very rich experience, ten years of website construction and marketing accumulation, to change the image of enterprise brand design..
Seize the strategic and make the enterprise long-term survival and profitability for all enterprises, create in order to highlight the brand image of the brand design, expand product market, leading consumer psychology, enhance corporate image and enhance the cohesion between consumers and enterprises, so as to make the enterprise products in the online and offline can be very good let consumers take the initiative to buy.

數據中心網絡佈線的五大趨勢

網絡佈線，隨着企業認識到結構化佈線是網絡基礎設施快速高效的基礎，管理人員正在重新思考現有的結構化佈線設計的方式和因素。

強大而精確的網絡基礎設施對於適應新技術，支持關鍵系統和成本價值是至關重要的。
雖然邏輯佈線方案滿足了以往的網絡需求，卻難以滿足當今的物理基礎設施的要求。
企業需要爲規劃數據中心佈線方案，爲最佳配置、最佳利用率，以及更高的效率做好準備。
而數據中心設施在電源和冷卻，物理空間，安全風險和預算等方面面臨着一些挑戰。
1. 用於模塊化的數據中心設計
結構化佈線的一個顯著趨勢是向新的數據中心建設過渡，以支持高級網絡功能的需求。
隨着技術的發展，組織越來越廣泛地採用模塊化數據中心佈線解決方案。
這種方案在早期規劃時還可能支持數據和資源的可擴展性，降低總體基礎設施的成本，並在未來增加經濟效益。
數據中心的初創公司將會走到行業前列，因爲他們需要新技術和新方法快速構建新的數據中心。
專門設計的模塊化數據中心是可移植的，採用獨特的預先設計的模塊和組件，提供可擴展性。
這些設計稱爲集裝箱數據中心或移動式模塊化數據中心。
此外，還有一些“即需即用”的選項可供選擇。
無論企業需要標準的還是定製的模塊化解決方案，數據佈線基礎設施都是這二者的基礎。
2. 網絡基礎設施優化
對於那些在數據中心佈線方面缺乏技術優勢的企業來說，雖然他們準備升級當前的數據佈線系統，但採用數據中心供應商提供的服務可以迅速整合網絡基礎設施。
數據中心供應商正在尋求更先進的銅纜和光纖技術，以滿足現有的網絡基礎架構的需求。
雖然人們對於網絡需求是一致的，但對於存儲、應用程序、服務器和臺式機來說，需要更快、更精簡的網絡連接。
其實施的方法就是優化數據中心佈線。
無論IT員工採用內部部署解決方案還是雲計算解決方案，企業的管理人員都準備將數據中心佈線優化納入其中。
優化網絡基礎架構的一個常見方法涉及光纖和銅纜佈線，機櫃，機架和數據中心設計等組件的標準化。
這種方法與物理層電纜管理系統結合，創建了一個有組織且可訪問的系統，可在任何給定時間提供有價值的數據連接。
3. 無縫的雲計算計劃
隨着IT敏捷性需求的全面增長，企業開始證明基於雲計算的替代方案可以滿足他們的網絡需求，管理人員正在尋求無縫雲計劃的設計或投資。
這樣做需要網絡佈線行業提供集成最先進的數據佈線基礎設施的產品，以支持這些無縫雲計劃。
採用無縫雲計劃的企業需要安全性，更高的傳輸速度和靈活性。
如今，需要高端佈線系統來滿足這些高端需求。
無縫雲解決方案可以提供可擴展的替代方案，能夠以分階段方式添加（或刪除）物理層以進行快速部署（或縮小）。
數據中心佈線是無縫雲計劃的核心。
4. 網絡融合文化
融合文化並不是什麼新的理念，但是在網絡和數據中心佈線方面，其融合的概念可以在數據中心得到推廣。
服務提供商通過網絡將電話，視頻和數據功能集成到新市場中，提供具有吸引力的服務。
在數據中心市場，通過數據佈線可以提高電纜密度，以確保網絡使用正確的架構：跨服務器機架和存儲陣列的光纖佈線，旨在處理電纜通道的電纜密度，改善氣流。
· 優化機架頂部的輸入和輸出部分，簡化數據佈線，並提供更多的設計靈活性。
· 提供更高密度的連接和更高容量的電纜管理，以獲得更好的性能，並保護佈線環境。
· 將現有數字技術與優化數據中心佈線的最佳網絡基礎架構相結合的能力是IT領導者所熱衷的一種融合文化。
鑑於技術進步的速度和規模，這是一個持續的過程。
5. 虛擬化服務
研究表明，超過50%的小型企業採用虛擬機上運行其工作負載，而數據中心提供商的虛擬化服務的採用率達到了95%-100%.虛擬化技術繼續證明是可擴展的，具有成本效益的網絡選項。
具有四種常見類型的虛擬化功能：服務器，桌面，網絡和存儲。
結構化數據佈線是網絡虛擬化的重要組成部分，客戶端可以輕鬆地在現有網絡拓撲上創建或覆蓋新的虛擬網絡。
通過在虛擬化數據中心中規劃IT服務，數據中心佈線可以設計爲從電力到容量的各種方式以提高效率。
虛擬化對佈線也有影響。
通過共享存儲，Web服務器通常使用光纖通道，iSCSI，SAN或NAS文件系統連接到網絡。
需要穩定的佈線系統，以便正常運行，並支持許多虛擬網絡進行路由和轉發，使用簡單的網絡佈線鏈路。
鑑於虛擬化在現代IT基礎設施的普及，結構化佈線的基礎是業務運營的關鍵組成部分。
結論
無論是移動到雲數據中的用戶，還是開始使用新的B2B的管理服務提供商，數據電纜的發展趨勢表明，技術發展正在爲高端數據中心開創一個新時代。
性能和可擴展性是數據中心佈線重要的考慮因素，精心設計的結構化數據中心佈線基礎設施是加強網絡環境以準備變革的一種明確方法。

機房建置的安全規則

如今，機房建置行業在技術和運營方面正在發生一些轉變。
而機房建置工程師和電氣承包商已將其工作重點放在更加安全的工作條件上。
隨着數據中心的技術和設備越來越先進，越來越複雜，所面臨的風險也越來越大，人們對於數據中心安全日益提高了防範意識，這是一個可喜的變化。

無論是超大規模數據中心還是靈活敏捷的託管數據中心，其規模、複雜性、重要性都在增加，數據中心運營商使用大量的電力和冷卻設備來確保可靠的運營。
如今他們已經認識到，在降低運營風險的同時，最大限度地提高數據中心的正常運行時間的安全性是必不可少的。
在當今機房建置運營商必須考慮的許多安全措施的管理和實踐中，具有以下六條黃金規則：
（1）評估風險
工作人員必須在開始工作之前評估完成任務的風險。
所有確定的危害必須在開始工作之前得以解決，工作人員需要採取控制措施以消除或減輕風險。
例如，涉及高風險的工作通常需要許可證。
另外，在密閉空間工作或開展高溫作業往往需要使用個人防護裝備（PPE）。
這是一個必要的風險控制措施，因此在每次使用之前必須檢查設備是否適用和損壞。
爲確保員工能夠安全地工作，工作團隊必須定期接受具體的控制措施培訓。
最後，所有的工作都必須進行記錄（例如程序方法），其中包括安全風險分析。
（2）控制危險能源/上鎖掛牌（LOTO）
不言而喻，從事任何設備或安裝的員工必須經過培訓並具有操作技能和知識才能安全地完成工作。
在開始工作之前，必須對所有與能源相關的系統，其中包括電氣、氣動、機械、液壓、化學、熱力以及其他系統掛牌，進行明確標識。
一旦標識了能源的相關係統，參與工作的工作人員就必須通過選擇正確的鎖定裝置和過程來以釋放任何儲存的能源。
利用這些信息來了解、理解、記錄具體的上鎖掛牌（LOTO）程序，工作人員可以在開始工作之前妥善保護隔離，斷開系統電源，並測試系統以確保隔離是有效的。
而在數據中心發生電氣事故並不少見，有的是因爲設備沒有正確啓動，有的是因爲隔離點的上鎖掛牌（LOTO）標識錯誤，有的是因爲設備在啓用之前沒有經過測試。
此外，在工作中需要定期監測和評估隔離的有效性。
上鎖掛牌（LOTO）程序還應包括安全移除相關鎖定裝置的步驟，並在完成工作後重新給系統供電。
（3）確保電氣安全
數據中心的電氣安全有兩個基本原則：避免和保護。
或者避免電氣危險，或者防止危險發生。
而避免應該是首選的方法。
清除、審計、防範，以及控制危險能源/上鎖掛牌（LOTO）是避免電氣危害的基本技術之一。
如果無法避免電氣危險，那麼使用適當的個人防護裝備（PPE）和其他保護手段是另一個好方法。
根據NFPA70E工作場所電氣安全標準的第130條規定，在開始實施帶電電氣工作之前，工作人員在大多數情況下必須獲得電力工作許可證的正式授權，因爲在50伏或更高電壓下運行的帶電電氣部件必須先斷電再開始工作。
也就是說，除非用人單位能夠證明斷電導致額外的或增加的危險，或者由於設備設計或操作限制而不可行。
其規則的例外情況包括：
測試只能進行通電的設備。
使用屬於連續工業過程的設備。
爲工作區域提供支持生命安全和/或照明的設備。
在斷電情況下工作將會增加危險。
一旦實施帶電電氣工作授權得到充分證明和記錄（也就是說，不能斷電、隔離、上鎖掛牌，以及驗證），必須採用下列保護措施：
工作必須由職業安全與健康標準（OSHA）定義的合格人員執行。
必須識別所有電氣危險，必須對所有的電源設備進行危害分析。
儘可能減少電氣危險的潛在嚴重性。
必須減少電氣危險，包括重新設計或修改設備。
必須建立並使用安全和認可的電氣工作實踐、程序和工具，以避免電氣危害。
通過審查電弧閃光危害分析標籤和信息以及公司的安全計劃，確定何時以及需要多少個人防護裝備（PPE）來減輕潛在危險。
（4）高處工作
數據中心的工作有時不可避免地需要實施高處作業。
然而工作人員在高處工作可能面臨危險。
工作人員如果不小心從屋頂和梯子摔下，其後果很嚴重，即使是幾英寸的落差都可能對人身造成傷害。
從高處意外跌落是造成數據中心工作人員受傷的最主要的原因之一，因此儘可能不在或少在高處從事工作是非常重要的。
如果無法做到這一點，首先進行風險評估，確定所有危害的可能性，包括不可能墜落的物體。
必須對工作人員進行適當的培訓，以便在高空安全地開展工作，可以在更穩固安全的腳手架，升降機和梯子上實施。
移動平臺只能由經過培訓的員工設置、使用和操作。
另外，還需要培養工作人員的風險意識。
在高處開始工作之前，應採取適當的控制措施和文件記錄。
高空作業設備必須穩定堅固，並需要進行定期妥善地檢查和維護。
此外，必要時還必須使用適當的設備（平臺，邊緣保護裝置和腳手架）和防墜落保護裝置（最好安裝在高處）。
在使用前，通過目視檢查防墜落設備和系統，並清除損壞的設備。
工作人員必須確保在高空作業時不會超載或過度伸展。
此外，在工作期間定期重新評估風險非常重要，最後要徹底考慮所有緊急疏散和救援程序。
（5）熱加工或高溫工作
爲防止數據中心發生火災，在開始工作之前確定熱加工或高溫作業的風險和危害。
發生火災或發生爆炸是因爲高溫工作管理不力或實施不善，導致點火源接觸可燃或易燃材料而發生災害。
熱加工安全的主要兩條規則是避免和重新定位。
只要有可能就需要想辦法避免實施，而採用冷加工方法消除熱加工的工作風險。
另一個方法是將工作重新定位到熱加工指定區域。
如果這兩個選項都不可行或不可用，那麼在熱加工指定區域以外的臨時熱作業需要熱工許可證。
工作人員未經適當授權的許可，不得啓動臨時動火作業，包括記錄所有風險的措施。
必須對熱加工工作區域及其周圍的區域進行危險性評估（例如爆炸性環境、骯髒的地板，、蓋壁和地板開口），檢查是否有適當的控制措施（例如，灑水噴頭，消防帶、滅火器），並且在任何工作開始之前，清除易燃液體，灰塵，棉絨，油性沉積物和可燃材料。
在工作崗位上覈實許可證，並覈實工作人員是否勝任和受過適當的培訓，這方面很重要。
在工作完成後，部署60分鐘的時間部署防火表。
在防火錶停止工作後，由指定的消防值班人員、工廠保安人員或工程師進行至少三小時的定期監測。
（6）起重和搬運
數據中心的大型設備在起吊和搬運之前，要考慮到個人能力，負荷性質，環境條件，以及工作人員的培訓情況。
設備負載可以單獨安全遷移，還是應該得到其他人協助？
是應該使用起重設備、叉車、起重機還是輸送機？
例如在許多數據中心，需要兩人或兩人以上的起重設備才能安全完成電梯的安裝。
數據中心的人爲搬運是事故和傷害的高發原因。
如果工作人員需要人力來搬運物品或設備，這其中包括推、拉、擡、降，搬等各種動作。
重要的是要遵循正確的搬運和處理程序，包括穿戴安全鞋，曲腿，直腰，不能超重。
避免搬運物品和設備超過肩高，特別是在較重的情況下。
儘量減少實施不安全的動作。
如果負載沉重，儘量減少運載距離。
或者將負載分解成更小、更輕的組件。
不要在超越身體極限時實施攜帶、推、拉、降等動作。
工作人員使用特定的起重設備必須經過培訓。
指派合格的受過訓練的人員來操縱起重設備，並確保負載不超過起重設備的動態和靜態能力，安裝在起重設備上的任何安全裝置必須可以運行。
結論
人們需要更加全面細緻考慮數據中心的安全措施和潛在危害。
而從風險或影響的角度來看，以上六個安全的黃金規則，通常是開展數據中心安全工作的最高優先級。
通過採取適當的控制措施，那些行業領先的數據中心運營商可以主動實施卓越安全計劃，爲客戶提供接近100％的正常運行時間，同時保障保持數據中心持續運行的工程師和承包商的人身安全。

The data center migrating preset to the IDC data center

(1) position (the location of the physical position and the position of the IT personnel)
Data center migration, like in the real estate market, the location of the site is always the most important. For IDC providers, location means the resources and location that the area can provide, which has great influence on the security and good availability of data center assets. We should take into account the availability of local climate (flood, extreme temperature fluctuations, storm frequency and intensity), earthquake history and critical infrastructure (such as lines, roads and airports). For industries that must strictly abide by regulations (such as financial industry), it may prohibit the provision of data storage services to customers in international or even national boundaries.

The same principle applies to supporting employees. Whether or not to retain your own employees or to allow IDC providers to provide staff maintenance, you need to understand the IDC staff arrangements. Although some IDC tenants can still retain the site of the IT staff, other tenants are completely as part of the outsourcing contract, before taking the next step, to develop a detection procedure according to their scorecard, aims to reduce as much as possible the potential suppliers, this is a fair proposal for lease IDC the customer of space.
(2) the operation of the cooling system
The cooling system in the IDC space is essential after a fixed source of power is obtained. The efficiency of power supply (PUE) is crucial in optimizing the cost and efficiency of cooling. PUE can show how much the cost is related to the rack delivery. Ideally, the tenant only multiplies the power (measurement) by the PUE coefficient to indicate the extra power required for cooling. Look for the use of mixed cooling technology (for example, using natural cooling) IDC to ensure the redundancy of the refrigeration system.
(3) having DCIM software
Although DCIM software has become a standard for managing data centers, not all IDC providers can provide complete technical support. Because data centers have always had a lot of dedicated devices, and these devices have a lot of complex technology, and the management of these technologies can be a problem. Normally, devices have management software, but individual software systems may not be compatible or integrated. This will lead to chaos in the data center. So make sure that the IDC provider has DCIM software. Do you know if all the systems in the data center are interconnected? Are all the sensors connected to the software and monitored by these software? Can they dynamically generate dashboards and reports and move quickly to the site, cabinet, and rack level? Do they have end - to - end asset management capabilities? Have they been integrated into other ITSM systems (IT service management systems) so that you can take advantage of the most needed functionality?
(4) physical safety
Without a tight security guarantee for financial assets, any bank would not want to operate properly. The same is true of the data center assets, which may contain only the most valuable assets outside of human capital. For a really safe facility, please insist on the internal security team. When analyzing security mode, we must evaluate internal security personnel, layered security area, camera and security system. These systems can be covered by 360 degrees, and have advanced security authentication, such as PCI DSS 2, SSAE 16 and ISO 27002..
(5) power supply
Electricity is not only a broad problem, but also a narrow problem. At the macro level, the stability and redundancy of the infrastructure of the regional power grid should be considered. Look for the distance and location of power stations, substations, cables to data centers, and the consideration of the redundancy of the entire distribution system. Ensure that there is no power limit for the operation of the IDC area. It sounds a bit far away, but if you have gone through a sluice limit or an electric rush or seasonal supply, you don't think so. Don't forget to understand the recent local power interruption and maintenance records so as to make a corresponding emergency plan.
At the micro level, it is necessary to consider the power monitoring in the IDC space.  Can they accurately quantify the measurement power, whether they increase or decrease the flexibility of power consumption over time, so as to understand the current situation of power utilization? Do they have the means to detect, monitor, and mitigate the surge of electricity and other anomalies? What are their backup and disaster recovery plans when power interruptions occur in a hosting facility that is not related to external power? All of this needs to be carefully considered.
Similarly, balance the work load, continuity and disaster recovery for sustainability is crucial, the data must be the amount of bandwidth and hosting providers to provide mobile distance can mean the difference between managed deployment of great user experience and failure, their workflow management system or whether they are good, some data can help to determine the delivery priority and infrastructure components. In addition, it will help to determine which needs higher runtime requirements and lower priority applications. In bottleneck or emergency situations, you will be able to access the most important information first.

Content maintenance and maintenance of website design

The website design, before PHP development standard tutorial I mainly talk about the PHP website construction processes and procedures and specifications of the PHP code, after the completion of the website construction, website maintenance work is very important, reasonable and orderly maintenance of the website contents and scheme can guarantee the site more safety and stable operation, and it is often easy to site maintenance work don't be grassroots webmaster attention, resulting in serious consequences, and thus understand the website maintenance content and plan knowledge for grassroots Adsense is particularly necessary, today I take my own experience to talk about how to develop the website content and website maintenance scheme, and we hope to have more exchanges.
The main contents of website maintenance are mainly related to the following aspects

1. Server hardware and software maintenance
2. The periodic maintenance of the website program and the database
3. Periodic maintenance of web service data
The following detailed description of the three aspects of the website maintenance content and the development of the website maintenance program. Server hardware and software for web site maintenance
1. The maintenance of the hardware of the web server
For independent server owners, in addition to choose a good server hosting, need to pay attention to the maintenance of server hardware, according to the current situation and development of web service, rational planning of server, server architecture to build reasonable, such as picture type of Web site is need to set up a separate server? In addition to soft optimization, how does the hardware need to be supported for a large number of database interactions that need to be done? If the server hardware fails, it is a problem to consider whether the disaster recovery is done well or not.
One of the advantages of webmasters who use virtual hosts is that the maintenance of website hardware needs no more care. But we also need to pay attention to timely supervise operators when dealing with websites that cannot be accessed. Every visitor is very important for grassroots webmaster.
2. The maintenance content of the website software
Similarly, for independent server owners, to build the site running environment is very necessary for PHP website, PHP+MYSQL+APACHE/IIS/Nginx PHP built environment is the basic configuration, in addition you can according to the website business needs configuration PHP extensions to achieve more functionality, not blind configuration.
In addition to the construction and management of the operating environment of the website, it is necessary to pay attention to the maintenance of the software of the website system, to update the patch, and to prevent the system vulnerability.
For webmasters who use virtual space hosts, it is important to know the environment configuration and extension of virtual hosts in time, for example, for PHP, do they support Apache mod_rewrite, htaccess, etc.
In general, this is the maintenance of the hardware and software of the web site.
The software and hardware of the website maintenance scheme
1, regularly check system vulnerabilities, website access log records, system processes, resource utilization, bandwidth utilization, key parts of the system, website capacity, and document records.
2, the emergency plan for the server hardware failure and the malicious attack on the web site.
3, it is recommended that we do well in the test of website access stability when we are not busy, so that users can access normally when busy. For example, before midnight, second days, 8 o'clock, we must ensure that the website can be accessed normally.
The program and database of Web site maintenance content
Web site program maintenance content mainly includes web site source code, JS, static pictures, CSS and other non dynamic data maintenance, upgrading and backup, for self developed program monitoring program vulnerabilities, for the use of the third party development platform procedures need to update patches or upgrading.
The maintenance content of Web database mainly includes database backup and database optimization, database abnormal data, database capacity check and so on.
The program and database of the website maintenance scheme
The web application requests to retain the initial version after the line (V1.0), after each modification and upgrade to the initial version as the original, upgrade changes, keep the original version, and record and update the version number, version retention mode of a compressed packet stored in the third party, it is recommended that you save the storage device.
For website database maintenance requirements, according to the content update frequency and access, at least at least every day for granularity, backup, database backup can be incremental backup, also can use full backup, the name of the file is named by time. The backup mode can be always kept 30 days overdue and dump data, delete, backup destination: + local backup center, it should be noted that when the program update, updated version of the program need to maintain relevance, and the database backup file or the program after updating the record before, to prevent the database and program problems.
At the same time, as the capacity of the database becomes larger, there will be redundant and abnormal data, which needs regular inspection and maintenance.
Business data for web site maintenance
Maintenance of website service data can be classified according to the specific business management, such as pictures, if the picture is larger, suggestions on the picture of diversion, also need to do image backup, similar to the database backup, incremental backup, backup destination: local backup center + way.
At this point, the basic content of the website maintenance finished, welcome station maintenance experience of a friend, I think the basic principles of website maintenance program is to ensure the normal and stable operation of the site, but also need to consider the convenience in the future updates, platform migration.

一款成熟的數據中心高架地板模型設計

“我所在企業數據中心高架地板當前的運營狀況到底是好是壞？”
這是企業數據中心經理們經常會反覆追問的一個問題。

儘管他們並非每天都在糾結於這一問題，但在一個人安靜下來內省的時候，這一問題便不時地會浮現出來。
與IT處理事務中的大多數事情一樣，這個問題其實是很重要的。
但是，想要真正找尋到正確的答案就是要渠道“工作真正發生的地方”。
在我與廣大讀者朋友們深入探討這個問題之前，請讓我先行討論一個更深的思考領域，然後再來解決另外一個問題：所謂“成熟的”數據中心到底意味着什麼，爲什麼有人想要這樣的數據中心呢？
雖然這個答案可能看起來很明顯，但我的建議是：“足夠好”的數據中心可能就已經足夠了。
就像Malcom Gladwell在《Outliers》這本書中所提出的那樣，花費10，000小時才能成爲公認的業界領域專家和領導者，與一般有能力勝任的普通從業者之間的相對成本差距是多少？
雖然真正的世界級的卓越的業界領域專家是令人羨慕的，但經常也是不必要的。
沒有遠大抱負的人可能並不想要成爲世界級的專家；
他們只想要和家人朋友一起度過每個美好的夜晚。
同樣，如果我們將數據中心的成熟度與卓越的業界專家類比的話，而且完全成熟（即世界級）的數據中心的成本會相當高，無論我們所談論的是貨幣成本、時間成本、員工投入或其他方面的參數成本——那麼，我們要問的另一個問題便是：“世界級的數據中心是否滿足企業的業務需求？”
通常情況下，答案是否定的。
您企業的數據中心其實只需要爲滿足您具體的客戶（內部的同事和外部的客戶）的需求做好準備即可獲得預期的服務水平。
所以，我想澄清的一點是：當我提及“成熟”這一點時，我並不會將其當作“完美”的同義詞；
相反，我的意思是足夠穩定和穩健運營的數據中心，以滿足您企業的業務需求，並由可用的員工來維護。
而在瞭解了這一點的前提下，數據中心如何提供有效的服務以及如何以企業現有員工的服務水平實現可維護性對於在數據中心環境中管理或工作的任何人來說都是及其重要的。
能力成熟度模型
慶幸的是，有一個確定成熟度的模型，業界將其稱之爲能力成熟度模型（Capability Maturity Model，CMM）。
CMM現在已被廣泛應用於軟件開發（即其最初被提出的領域），產品交付和摩天大樓建設等等方面。
不幸的是，與信息技術基礎架構圖書館（ITIL），面向服務的架構（SOA）和六西格瑪一樣，CMM的使用通常都不太理想。
畢竟，運行一處數據中心就像開發軟件應用程序一樣。
要清楚的是，我不是說ITIL、SOA、六西格瑪或CMM是壞的框架。
他們是非常好且相當有用的。
但並非在所有情況下都適用。
所以，儘管瞭解您企業數據中心的成熟度的相對水平很重要，但是通過使用CMM來了解其實並不是最好的。
因此，我想提出一些我個人關於成熟度模型的想法，該想法涉及如何創建一個對您企業的特定環境有意義，有相關性且更爲有效性的模型。
創建一套您企業自己的數據中心成熟度模型
數據中心成熟度模型的目標是爲了幫助您瞭解企業數據中心在一個連續統一體上所處的具體位置，其中一方面沒有複雜性的，而另一方面則是完全最優的。
這意味着您需要仔細考慮重要的類別。
例如，在許多情況下，清潔程度肯定是包括從手術室到商業化餐廳廚房的重要成熟度考察類別，但其可能並不是數據中心的關鍵指標。
另一方面，組織並規劃顯然是一個好的開始。
但是您的下一個想法必須是“組織規劃什麼？”
您只是在談論物理方面，比如把所有的備用電纜按照顏色進行編碼，按長度進行排列，以方便隨時可用？
或者組織的概念是否可以擴展到手冊、工具、設備、工作人員進度表、流程審查，甚至在線常見問題和知識庫？
歸納出三到五類的成熟度考察類別不應該是那麼難，您只要回顧考慮每天所處理的問題、任務和活動的類型即可。
但是，當您想到更細節的問題時，需要盡一切努力把它們分類歸納成特別強調的紀律。
這方面的示例包括：
可視化：您可以識別和查看數據中心所有方面的狀態嗎？
這涵蓋了包括從地板和機架地圖（靜態或交互式）到對於當前硬件、軟件、事務等狀態的監控顯示。
容量：您是否知道您數據中心油箱裏有多少油料？
您是否知道您數據中心的耗油速度有多快？
您是否可以根據目前的運行狀況以及通常在一天、一週和一個月的不同時間的運行狀況，大致估算出什麼時候一箱油可能會被耗盡？
同樣，這些問題也適用於存儲、處理器、內存、負載平衡等。
響應：當發生問題時，您如何知道？
有什麼工具來促進初始反應——包括自動修復、升級、故障排除和最終保持平均修復時間（MTTR）？
一旦您企業就此制定了成熟度類別，您就可以提出一些問題，讓您得以能夠評估這些領域的成熟度/複雜性/準備狀況。
您應該避免設置是、否或者SAT風格的問題。
用選擇答案的方式來替代需要就答案進行排序的問題。
通常，我的目標是就該選擇題提供一到五個備選答案來促進找出問題的答案或問題的陳述。
然後將這些答案結構化，使其中一個備選答案能夠一眼就被排除，而把中間其他幾個答案設置爲接近最佳答案，但不是最佳的

合格的機房建置專家應該是什麼樣的？

伴隨着工作負載的演變和業務的快速增長，機房建置專家承擔各種角色和掌握多種技能，越來越成爲IT設備中的一項關鍵要素。

雲計算的出現可能會給數據中心的未來蒙上一層陰影，但云並不是一無是處的主張。
儘管這一趨勢可能會造成部分數據中心的規模縮減，但保留在企業內部的工作負載往往是對業務運行最爲關鍵的部分。
與此同時，企業要求用更少的人員實現更快的性能。
因此，明天的通用IT專業人員必須擺脫傳統和孤立的角色，具有更高水平的靈活性和跨學科專業知識才能成爲數據中心領域的專家。
數據中心專家所承擔的角色
技術的發展正在產生與之前完全不同的專業角色，諸如雲技術工程師、IT架構師等。
但是數據中心專家構成了日常運營的中堅力量，在IT組織中扮演着幾項核心角色：
監控：機房建置專家在應用程序、資源池或物理設備上實施、支持和使用各種監控及管理工具；
關注重要的警報；
並對發生的事件做出響應。
他們可以使用監控洞察力來推薦基於趨勢的操作流程改進，例如將更多存儲分配給接近其當前存儲限制的工作負載。
集成：數據中心專家應確保系統、服務和應用程序在部署或集成工作中正確地協同工作。
這需要對數據中心內系統配置和系統和應用程序組件之間的相互依賴關係有一個深入的瞭解。
專家經常安裝和維護系統，執行佈線和部署其他基礎設施，還經常推薦可以節省成本和提高性能的組件級別的改進。
故障排除：數據中心專家訪問日誌和監控數據，以提供一級和二級支持，並使用根本原因分析等技術進行故障排除。
專家們遵循既定的故障管理程序，確保IT部門做出了充分的響應，並就停機問題進行溝通，隨後跟進以確保問題得到妥善解決。
專家還可以推薦和實施積極的措施，以減輕或防止重複問題的發生。
協同：數據中心專家與用戶和其他IT成員緊密協作，這需要明確的書面和口頭交流，並經常引導爲IT員工和用戶創建文章、指南和其他內容。
敏捷軟件開發範例（如DevOps）的發展也強調了協作的必要，爲持續軟件開發和發佈週期構建運營支持。
數據中心專家領域的工作要求
教育要求取決於特定組織，例如數據中心的規模、員工數量和其他問題。
一般來說，數據中心專家應該期望擁有一門技術學科的副學士學位，儘管一些較大的組織可能更願意獲得學士學位。
諸如計算技術行業協會的A +和Server +等供應商通用行業認證可以幫助潛在的候選人，但這些認證通常不是任職要求。
通常不需要以供應商爲中心的認證（如思科認證數據中心專家），因爲供應商認證通常集中在特定平臺上，並且可能與特定業務的相關性存在限制。
儘管數據中心專家不需要工程級別的管理技能，但他們應具備中級Windows和Linux知識，並具備對這些操作系統進行部署、配置、優化、管理、監控以及故障排除的能力。
有關虛擬化工具的知識，例如在Windows的Hyper-V或在基於內核的Linux虛擬機方面的知識也是有幫助的。
數據中心專家還應該熟練掌握各種工具。
諸如PowerShell 6.0之類的腳本工具通常只是一個最低的入門點，專家們應該展示更多其他各種平臺方向上的能力，例如資產管理、幫助桌面、應用程序和系統監控、設施管理和文檔生成工具。
最後，成功的數據中心專家無法忽視工作的部分物理層面。
時間表通常是波動的，數據中心專家定期輪班，爲緊急維護和操作呼叫提供通話的可用性。
有關職責還包括一定程度的體力勞動，如重型設備在安裝過程中的移動、遷移還有修理的操作。
跳出思維的限制
除了角色和技能之外，任何數據中心專家最重要也是最容易忽視的一項特性就是幫助IT能夠適應不斷變化的業務需求。
簡單地採用通用的最佳實踐清單，實施千篇一律的體系結構或固定選擇供應商的品牌將無法實現創新。
能夠將業務需求提升到比工作安全、品牌忠誠度和個人技術偏好更重要地步的數據中心專家將最終在IT行業取得成功。

How to make the of data center migration more efficient?

The data center migration staff to the data center and reliable operations are more confident, or frightening for fear of problems lead to data center downtime? Even if an enterprise audits the data center assets once a year or half a year, the process will consume a lot of resources, time and energy of data center staff. If the enterprise collects data through manpower, the staff must record the data of every rack asset monotonously and repeatedly, check whether the mobile device has been moved after the latest audit. For these changes, measures and actions must be taken and dealt with as soon as possible. Therefore, the staff need accurate records to prevent any mistakes in future audits. But doing so may allow experienced employees to become statistical clerks of data center assets, and these people should focus on key engineering tasks that add value to data centers.

If there is a human error in the process of auditing, there will be some consequences.  Staff have to spend time looking for lost assets. The IT resources of the new project may be affected, resulting in financial inefficiency and supply problems.
Enterprises are most concerned about the regulatory impact of the wrong or outdated audit, especially if regulators conduct investigation and supervision of enterprises' audit, if there is any mistake, they may make economic penalties for the company.
Meet the needs of an enterprise before it needs a solution
With the rapid development of technology, organizations need to continuously evaluate their data centers to provide agile applications and maintain market competitiveness, and constantly optimize the available resources, effectively manage costs and minimize total cost of ownership.
The survey conducted by IDC, a survey firm, shows that the annual cost of each server will increase by 148%, the server performance will decrease by 39%, and the planned outage time will increase by 62%. If there is no regular and accurate audit of the server's assets, the loss of the business may be far more than the cost of deploying new equipment.
If the data center assets management of enterprises exceeds the capabilities of the local IT team, such as the use of multiple data center sites, hosting services and edge facilities of the mixed ecosystem, then the IT team's tracking and maintenance challenges will be bigger and bigger.
Nowadays, industry is changing with the emergence of new technology. Internet of things (IoT) and real time asset management system will directly affect the audit of data centers. These technologies are transforming the process from people's concerns to cost saving and efficiency improvement.
After all, the ideal data center audit should provide clear operation, understand the way to improve the existing process and equipment and ensure compliance.
For IT teams, auditing should not be as daunting as it is now, but to enable data center teams to provide efficient services, so that business and customers can benefit for a long time.
Enterprises should first understand how high the cost of auditing will be if the existing practices remain unchanged. Many of the costs of an enterprise are hidden. From the adjustment and replacement of assets of enterprises to the productivity and labor force of manual entry of inventory data, many costs are hidden. If this is not recorded, a large number of businesses will be increased.
By deploying the management of real time assets, the enterprise transforms the audit process into a real-time continuous list, which can significantly save the cost. The real-time asset visibility of data center assets also has great benefits. Enterprises know where assets are, and at any time can reduce the workload of monitoring and reporting facilities, which is a way that can satisfy data center staff.
For better supervision, it is necessary to review the data center assets. However, this time-consuming internal audit may be the past, and more of it is to generate real-time reports when it is needed.
 

Start-ups website design how should I do it?

The website design, the Internet is just like a lattice shop, a wide variety of goods goods above this one show, the user has to do is to find their own love of the goods, we see whether the goods for their looks or feels good, because too much the same, but the user is not a good choice. There are so many businesses only that you choose? This must be the company's own change.

So what do you do in the design of a start-up?
Since we are a new enterprise, it is very important for us to find customer resources in the early stage, so it is also very important to build a website.
What does the enterprise website design need to do?
1. Analysis of demand
1: do you need to get the guest on the Internet;
2: do you do business on the Internet only;
3: do you have sufficient funds;
From the above 3 questions, we can come to the conclusion that you choose to use the template website, or to customize the website. Because the price is different, it is very important for the start-ups. If you want to make the development of a class of products, so early to prepare, because there is no financial support, so only to find investors, and then to do or build a team to do together, but no matter what, early will be difficult, but if your project is very good, said to listen to others feel very promising, there is still hope you.
Two. Analysis of the crowd of websites
How to build a web site for start-ups
1: which users are we selling to?
2: what words will the user search for?
3: what are the concerns of the user?
From these aspects, we can locate the website's own characteristics and industry characteristics. After all, the website is for users to see, while we should pay attention to user experience, we should also consider the attributes and characteristics of our products.
Three, other miscellaneous items
The website domain name, server, source code, including domain name and server is to charge each year, after the general purchase template website or do custom website code is free of charge, but the general network company website template code and customized web site does not provide, unless it can migrate on a good custom website source code, the are additional clause in the contract is an important.
Four. Network marketing
Comes every day of every hue advertising, we should understand what is advertising, so if you do as a business, but also need to advertise, of course, advertising is also divided into many kinds, free of charge or charges, all of these are business people of their choice. If you don't know how to do network marketing, you can take a look at this article first: how to do online marketing without spending money; believe you have some concepts about internet marketing. There are a lot of charges, such as Baidu promotion, information stream advertising, self media advertising and so on. The advertising effect of spending money will certainly be better, but the speed of burning money is also fast, I believe everyone can understand.