機房建置網絡虛擬化技術演進過程

機房建置網絡虛擬化技術已經成爲這幾年在網絡領域炒的最火的技術之一，虛擬化已經成爲數據中心建設所必須要考慮的重要方面。

其實，網絡虛擬化技術可不是這幾年纔出來的，也不是隻有SDN這一種，甚至在網絡出現之初，就有虛擬化的技術了，只是那時候的虛擬化技術僅僅側重於網絡設備的管理上，數據轉發層面還沒有轉控分離。
數據中心之所以要引入和發展虛擬化技術，本質是爲了提升網絡管理水平，提高網絡運維效率。
隨着數據中心的網絡規模越來越大，需要管理的網絡設備越來越多，提高網絡運維水平勢在必行。
一個數據中心增加一百臺網絡設備時，運維的人員若可以做到不增加或者少增加，這就是提升運維效率的最直接體現。
下面，我們就來詳細說一說在SDN到來之前，網絡虛擬化經歷了哪些技術演進過程。
LLDP技術
LLDP（Link Layer Discovery Protocol）叫鏈路層發現協議，在2005年就成爲了IEEE802.1AB標準，它是一種鄰近發現協議。
LLDP協議使得接入網絡的每臺設備將其主要能力、管理地址、設備標識，接口標識等信息發送給接入同一個局域網絡的其它設備。
當一個設備從網絡中接收到其它設備的這些LLDP信息時，它就將這些信息以MIB形式存儲起來，這些MIB信息可用於發現設備的物理拓撲結構以及管理配置信息。
LLDP在數據中心網絡中應用很廣，即便是現在也使用頗多，最好用的地方在於網絡設備都有很多端口，這些端口連接着不同的設備，有個地方設備級聯了好多層，這些端口都連的什麼設備，通過LLDP協議獲取後一目瞭然，簡直就是網絡互連的電子標籤，這個要是靠人到設備旁看線上的互連標識效率太低，很多數據中心都是遠程管理，也不可能到現場機房去查看，所以LLDP成爲運維的人員日常使用率最高的技術。
集羣技術
LLDP協議僅能進行信息通告，它被用於通告一個設備的信息並可以獲得其它設備的信息，進而獲得整個網絡的設備互連情況，但LLDP無法對遠端設備進行配置更改，它只提供了關於網絡拓撲以及管理配置的信息。
這使得LLDP無法完全滿足數據中心網絡運維的需求，於是集羣技術出現了。
網絡集羣技術因爲要對網絡設備進行管理和配置，所以多是私有協議。
比如：華爲的HGMP（Huawei Group Management Protocol），思科的CMS（Cluster Management Suite）。
集羣技術可以解決大量設備配置維護量大、IP資源浪費嚴重的問題。
它只需要在管理設備上配置一個公網IP地址，就可以實現對多個網絡設備進行配置和管理，不需要登錄到每個成員設備的配置口上進行配置。
集羣技術減少了網絡部署初期的人工配置量，實現網絡設備的即插即用，提升了網絡部署效率。
不過，集羣技術都是私有技術，這限制了它的未來發展空間，尤其是現在可替代的技術很多，集羣技術已經少有人用了。
再有這種可以任意修改其它網絡設備的配置，有時並不是好事，會因爲誤配置而導致業務中斷，這些都使得集羣技術使用的越來越少，在現在的數據中心網絡中已經難尋到它的蹤影了。
設備虛擬化技術
集羣技術已經無法滿足數據中心對網絡的管理和控制了，於是出現了設備級的虛擬化技術。
設備虛擬化是指通過軟件技術將相同的或者相似的兩臺或多臺網絡設備虛擬化爲一臺設備進行管理，如此可以提升設備的管理效率，還可以將虛擬化的設備再分割成幾個小的虛擬網絡設備，便於使用。
虛擬化技術最早是由思科設計提出的，在思科的盒式交換機上最早實現，將幾臺盒式設備虛擬化爲一臺設備，這樣便於管理，同時虛擬化的設備的端口密度和轉發能力都得到了提升。
設備虛擬化內部跑的都是私有協議，所以不同廠商的設備之間是無法虛擬化的，若數據中心想要部署虛擬化，則必須要採購一個廠商的相同型號的多臺設備，無形中增加了數據中心的投入成本，但虛擬化技術能夠帶來的好處也是顯而易見的，所以在數據中心裏，虛擬化的設備很多，即使在現在的數據中心機房裏，虛擬化的設備也是到處可見。
不過，虛擬化技術也有限制，虛擬化到一起的設備給升級軟件版本帶來很大難度，很多時候都要中斷業務升級，虛擬化也增加了單臺設備的CPU處理負擔，要支持虛擬化技術需要設備具備較強的CPU和內存。
1BR技術
設備虛擬化技術對進行虛擬化的設備要求較高，型號要類似，還是私有實現，無法實現不同廠商的設備之間虛擬化，這大大降低了數據中心使用設備虛擬化技術的熱情。
數據中心是不可能只採購一家網絡廠商的設備，至少要兩家或者三家，這樣在幾家之間做平衡，避免將雞蛋放在一個籃子裏，降低風險。
要打通不同廠家的網絡設備，形成一個虛擬化的網絡，1BR技術出現了。
1BR是2011年發佈的國際標準，全面設計了網絡設備虛擬化的實現，最重要的一點是它打破了廠商壁壘，是一套公有協議，允許所有的網絡廠商設備之間進行虛擬化。
1BR理論上可以將所有的網絡設備都級聯起來，虛擬化成爲一臺超級大的網絡設備，對設備數量沒有限制，這要比設備虛擬化技術使用規模要大得多。
1BR也實現了所有網絡設備之間鬆耦合，只要設備之間的端口UP起來，端口上使用了1BR協議，就可以完成虛擬化，端口DOWN了，設備之間虛擬化自動分拆，使用起來非常靈活，所以1BR獲得了一些數據中心用戶的青睞。
不過，1BR是2011年才提出的標準，到現在也才6年，時間還不算長，技術本身也存在一些未解決的問題，這限制了1BR技術的發展。
以上這些虛擬化技術都爲數據中心的網絡管理帶來了便利，有些技術現在數據中心裏還有廣泛使用，SDN的到來不可能將這些虛擬化技術全部代替。
在以後的日子裏，必將長期共同存在。

Data center migration: Data Destruction Technology in data center

Data center migration -- data center is the concentrated place of information processing, and generates massive data everyday. These data not only occupy a lot of storage device space, but also affect the computation efficiency of application. In fact, these data are mostly useless data, garbage data or computing intermediate data, data center retention benefits of these data have some timeliness data, stale data, make the data storage devices in the data center to sleep, not to clear out, save storage space, which can greatly save the data the center of the operating expenses, improve the production efficiency of the data center. How to destroy the useless data, there is also a lot of knowledge.

First of all, the quality of data is far more important than the quantity of data. Data center's continuous investment in software and hardware for increasing data is really a costly mistake, and we must pay attention to the effective data processing. On the surface, the total data volume of data center is increasing very fast. The global data volume is increasing at a rate of 58% per year. It will double in less than two years, and the speed will be faster in the future. Most of the data will be generated in data center. Our data center is not possible every two years expansion doubled the capacity, so let the data rate, the data center will soon fall into the continuous expansion of the cycle, the data center is larger and larger, and the data center business and there is no real growth, profit decline in the level of data center. It's like a fat man who always eats fried chicken cola and will get fatter and fatter. But in fact, the body's physical fitness is decreasing. At last, nothing can be done except a fleshy meat. The data must not be the burden of the data center. It will be cleaned up when it is cleaned up, and it will be destroyed when it is destroyed.
Second, we want to destroy the data, it is necessary to distinguish which data is useful and which data are useless. This is from the data source to start the incremental data generated in the data center, the data classification, filing, storage space classification to at the same time, these data are clearly marked by name, the name to know the data about the content, so that as the criterion whether the data is useless if, in the data record is not clear, then the data destruction could not be accurate, not only the data destruction efficiency is low, may also be useful to destroy data error. Managing these data is very complicated, involving data identification, cleanup, optimization and so on. These works are cyclical, take time and human resources, and will not bring obvious benefits, which are often ignored. In fact, the effective storage of data will produce long-term and positive returns to the business of the data center, and the earlier the profit is more obvious.

What is the high end website design route?

Now website design, enterprises are careful to build websites on tall buildings, but as a company's personnel, they don't know much about websites, everyone's aesthetic standards are different, so the effect of website construction will also be different.
Website is now divided into enterprise building and brand construction, want to take the road of high-end website construction, that is certainly to do brand website!
Brand website is the focus of the brand itself, how to spread their brand image to go out, so that more people have the impression of your brand, so the impression itself is something of value, can take a certain position in the hearts of customers, then your brand website is successful!

1: if you want to make a good brand, first of all, you have to have a LOGO to see the past?
2: the website itself must have the advantage, the personality, the vision, the creativity, the interaction one can not be less!
3: the site is slow to die, so do not worry, I will soon turn off.
4: I can't communicate online. I need to call you. Let me go and find the next one.
5: the company's information on the Internet is very small! Can you believe it?
6: how can I not see our company's website? I rely on it. It's in a dozen pages!!!
7: the product packaging is too low, a bit ugly, to calculate it, or to look for a look at the point.
8: what do you say about this question? I'm sorry, you are not the question of the product, sir.
If you want to be a high-end website and be a brand enterprise, first of all, you have to consider the above problems. LOGO is the priority among priorities of the enterprise; if your site and other companies about how to open the door, the advantage; website is slow, can only blame the server; online communication tools is the site must be on the network; do soft Wen promotion will be helpful for the enterprise; website ranking is related to the user can find you the site, if the row in the 3 page website, basically nothing; product packaging should be refined and creative, is the price increase, the customer will agree; customer service service must be protected, not prevarication, unless it is the real customer problems, but also must explain and offer customer solutions.
If you can do the above points, believe, do a good job is still no problem!

數據中心建置：災難恢復的最佳實踐

如今，數據中心建置運營商每天都在爲數據中心的高可用性感到煩惱，全天候工作以確保100％的正常運行時間。

他們部署冗餘設施以最大限度地降低風險，嚴格規劃和測試以確保連續性運行，並採取預防措施保護其基礎設施免受環境威脅。
但是，即使是最好的計劃和準備措施也會在自然災難或突發事故中出錯。
事實上，在某些極端情況下，先進的規劃和準備工作依然無能爲力，而災後恢復成爲確保企業在重建數據中心業務的同時保持功能的重要組成部分。
在任何災難情況下，時間都是至關重要的，因此數據中心工作人員需要知道在事件發生後的幾分鐘、幾小時和幾天採取適當的行動。
工作人員的安全首先是最重要的因素，因此一旦確定所有人員都是安全的，就應該開始執行以下恢復活動：
主動監控所有關鍵設備以尋找隱藏的問題 - 查看直接受到災難事件影響或暴露於災難事件的設備，如發電機，機油和過濾器等。
例如，在恢復工作可能需要幾天甚至幾周的情況下，對於監測燃料供應和了解發電機在沒有備用柴油的情況下運行多長時間至關重要。
在自然災害緊急情況下，醫院，急救人員和其他公共安全組織必須首先獲得燃料供應，無論數據中心是否有沒有燃料供應合同。
在指定的時間段內增加現場巡查 - 這將有助於工作人員發現任何缺陷，如漏水或設施損害。
確保每位員工都有合作伙伴提供支持和幫助也很重要。
確保員工輪崗，減輕現場員工的壓力 - 爲了給員工提供足夠的休息時間，企業可以考慮從其他沒有受到影響的數據中心招聘員工或委託第三方供應商進行部分恢復工作。
建立通信協議，提供關鍵更新和現場反饋 - 在驗證所有區域和系統後，定期舉行簡報會，向工作人員和管理層通報任何數據中心或現場影響。
在災難恢復情況下，從CIO到每個工作人員人都可以發揮作用，因此，所有參與方都必須及時瞭解正在發生的事情。
監視輸入電源- 由於爲數據中心的提供電力的電網可能受到影響，數據中心電力將會中斷或質量下降，所以與電力公司聯繫以瞭解合理的安全時間非常重要，在電網供電正常時，數據中心關閉備用的發電機。
並重新接入電網。
應用經驗教訓 -只要時間允許，立即開始編寫和記錄經驗教訓和最佳實踐，爲下一步活動做好準備。
儘管自然災害是不可避免的風險，但通過正確的災難恢復計劃，數據中心運營商可以將這些災難性事件的影響降至最低，從而快速安全地恢復運營。

機房建置的環境參數對精密空調的要求有哪些？

機房建置的設備散熱量是很大的，爲了穩定機房內的溫度就要有製冷系統，主要採取的是對熱源進行浸入式冷卻和直接液冷系統，能達到節能安全製冷的目的。

1、不間斷的牢靠運轉
IT類設備不間斷地運轉，也要求精密空調機能365dx24h地不間斷牢靠運轉。
即便在冬天也需求供給相應的製冷才能，並能安穩滿意冷凝壓力與北方冰冷低溫運轉環境的 要求。
數據中心機房的牢靠性要求很高，空調機有必要在作業壽數（一般要求爲8年以上）內牢靠安穩地運轉，爲機房供給恆溫、恆溼的環境。
2、可監控、可辦理的要求
數據中心的空調機組數量多，有必要進行科學’、專業的保護與辦理，這要求具有精密空調機組的遠程監控與辦理功用。
一起，數據中心的空調是主要的耗能設備之一，要求空調機組的節能運轉，也需求空調可監控、可辦理。
3、相對溼度操控的要求
雖然數據中心機房的IT設備不發作溼度的改變，但是機房的溼度有必要確保在一個規模之內，一般爲40% ~60%。
溼度過低，簡單導致電子元器件的靜電發作，形成靜電放電甚至擊穿；
溼度過高，又簡單導致設備與元器件的外表結露而呈現冷凝水，發作漏電或短路現象而無法正常作業。
因而，要求數據中心機房的空調機具有加溼與除溼功用，並能將相對溼度操控在答應的40% -60%規模內。
4、除塵與空氣淨化要求
除了溫度和相對溼度的要求外，數據中心機房的空調還有必要具有除塵與空氣淨化的功用。
由於機房內的塵埃會影響IT類設備的正常作業，塵埃堆集在電子元件上易導致電路板腐蝕、絕緣功用下降、散熱不良等許多問題，要求數據中心機房空調機的空氣過濾器具有良 好的除塵與空氣淨化功用。
5、單位發熱量大，要求機房用精密空調是大製冷量、大風量、小焓差、大風冷比
（1）小焓差
一起要求空調的蒸騰溫度相對較高，防止降溫的一起進行不必要的除溼。
（2）大製冷量
數據中心機房的熱負荷很大，IT類設備的發熱嚴峻，致使單位面積熱負荷遠高於作業區域，即熱負荷很大；
由於這些設備不發作溼度改變，所以溼負荷較小。
這要求機房用的空調製冷才能強，在單位時間內快速消除設備宣佈的熱量。
（3）大風量
由於機房用空調要求送風的焓差小，防止不必要的除溼，而別的又要求大製冷量，所以有必要採納大風量的規劃。
大風量的循環也有利於機房的溫度、溼度等目標的安穩調理，也能 確保機房溫度、溼度的均衡，到達大面積機房氣流散佈合理的效果，防止機房部分的熱量 集合。

Hardware device: data center migration modularization

Now the overall in the data center migration process, many enterprises have also begun to implant a modular design concept, micro module data center, is to partition the micro data center site in accordance with industry standards, namely the entire data center is divided into a number of independent regions, each region of the scale, power load, etc in accordance with the configuration unified design standard. The real micro module data center, refrigeration, power supply and management system should realize regionalization and micro module, and can not interfere with each other. It can run independently and share nothing. The micro module brings a series of advantages to the data center.

Where does the modularized data center come from
Now the state has issued a guideline and application and other relevant requirements on a number of data center construction process and documents to the data center in the construction process of a series of details of the policy guidance and norms, in this regard, micro module data center has entered a rapid growth stage.
With the continuous increase of energy costs, many enterprises should ensure the stability of the use of data centers on the one hand, and on the other hand, we should strictly control the cost of energy consumption. This increases the burden of business operations to a large extent. The micro module data center is superior to the traditional machine room construction in the aspect of civil construction cost, and takes the factory preloading form to reduce the cost of design, plant management and total package, which saves about 30% of the cost compared with the traditional one.
As we mentioned earlier, the micro - module data center can be rapidly expanded and allow for deployment at remote office sites and temporary work. When installing and deploying, only to provide power, water and network connections, a fully functional data center can be set up completely. Therefore, many industry users, including Internet Co, telecom operators and large enterprises, have begun to try to deploy micro module data center solutions.
Feature of micro module data center
In order to deal with the enterprise now for cloud computing, virtualization, high density and other needs, improve the efficiency of data center operations, micro module data center using multiple independent functions, uniform input and output interface module, micro micro module in different regions can be backup, through micro module combination to form a complete data center. The micro - module data center is an integrated, standard, optimal, intelligent, highly adaptable infrastructure environment and a highly available computing environment.
The composition of the modularized data center
The data center is made up of prefabricated Micromodules, such as cabinet system, refrigeration system, line system, monitoring system and other components, which are mixed with traditional site construction system. The data center of micromodule is called "partial prefabricated data center". The power supply system, the machine cabinet system, the refrigeration system, the line running system, the monitoring system and so on are a single independent closed space. The modules are divided into several parts to be sent to the scene and rejoined. The support of external infrastructure, such as generators or chillers, high and low voltage distribution, is required.

The unique trend of website design can add a lot of color to web design

The trend of website design is a trend on the root. It's a popular trend in a time period under the circumstances. Most of them are unique, but it doesn't always match your preferences.

In the past month, the three popular design trends are interrelated and involve the use of text and headlines in the design of the page. Which is more in line with your taste, and what can be more often popular? I'm afraid it needs to be judged by yourself.
1. Underlined text and elements
It was a surprise to find that the underline was used recently. Of course, the underscore that can be applied flexibly in all kinds of design elements is not the default effect of the design tool or the text underline under the text link.
The underline is originally used in text to emphasize content and remind users to focus on specific text information. When the underlined and different elements are used together, try to keep the two styles in the same style and details, so that they are seamless and consistent in design.
The underline seems to be intentional, but it does not cause interference, and the design is successful. Although in many designs, the addition of the underline will make the text look a little crowded, but in fact, it can appropriately alleviate the problem by leaving white.
2, obscured text
When we discuss design, the readability of text is often referred to as a fairly advanced standard, but the trend of design now is actually contrary to this rule: the blocked text. Although you don't have to like it, there are many recent designs that will choose such a design.
Of course, from a technical perspective, there are a lot of design when using this technique does not hold good. Some may be because of the reason for the design of the font, and some of the elements that are selected to block the font are not selected well. This intermediate degree is not well controlled, especially when the elements used to block the text are responsive and dynamic. Obscured elements, texts and backgrounds need to form a good enough contrast, but not too abrupt. This is the situation that many problems are faced with.
However, if we can design the occlusion area, the contrast between the occlusion elements and the text and the trajectory of movement, the effect we actually create is very striking.
3. Classic black and white color matching
When it comes to color - related trends, we usually think that color can reflect the mind of the designer. Black and white color in recent years more and more common, more and more appear in the past this time, because of the cold weather designers are increasingly gloomy mood is?
Of course, unlike the black and white photography websites emphasizing the sense of form, there are more types of websites covered by black-and-white hue, and, of course, they may be embellished with other colors in detail, but in general, they are not running in black and white tones.
Because of the lack of rich color elements, under the black and white color, these websites are very close to the emotions.
Under the simple black and white color matching, the readability of the text is often the most practical problem in the design. Although the use of color is not much, but the designer can create some interesting things to achieve the effect.
As mentioned before, the main tonal is black and white. At this time, add a little bit of other colors, such as red or blue, and a bit of color can be jumped out of the whole design, which is very eye-catching.
Of course, there are a lot of black and white transition colors, and proper use can make the whole design more plump.